Claire's Stores Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Claires Stores - Essay Examplein 1973. Previously, it known as FT Industries after the skill of Fashion Tress, Inc. in 1961, and the new name was conceived in 1983, two divisions before getting enlisted with the New York Stock Exchange. The latest sensation, however, had been the biggest of all deals and eventually the near popular one with 60 stores scattered in different parts of Chicago. 1994 saw the industry abject out of homeland when it entered into a joint venture with Japans Jusco Co., Ltd., which resulted to the opening of the first assort of Claires Stores in Tokyo. Eventually, it spread out to 172 other locations by 2006.Though the company had been continuing with its overseas acquisitions since 1993, the next biggest one had been that in 1995 when it purchased Bow Bangles Holding Ltd., a Birmingham based chain of stores. It was followed by the acquisition of Bijoux One, a 53-chain store scattered across Switzerland, Austria and Germany in 1998, and Cleopatre Stores in France with chain of 42 stores. Schaeffer had strategized his moves so as to get ahead almost all rival firms of the company. Although it had started out as a appearance accessories group of stores meant for young teenagers, it briefly moved into the domain of selling accessories for older teenagers and young women post the acquisition of Afterthoughts in 1999 Afterthoughts had been a gargantuan chain of 768 stores. However, the company had not always divulged into expansive strategies. The acquisition of a unisex garments chain for teenagers in 2002 as well as that of a trendy gift stores chain in 1998 both had turn up disastrous for the company compelling Schaefer to eventually sell them away. Operational Information The features that Claires Stores Inc. is endowed with atomic number 18 common to almost every successful chain of shops. It had strategically planned its locations so as to bond in areas frequented most by its target customers, consisting of teenagers and y oung women. In order to keep its costs of outgrowth low, the company has arranged distributors and suppliers in the nearest possible locations to their stores. Such a step not entirely helps to reduce the cost of operation but also arranges distributions within a short span of time. In addition, the company had been exploiting its negotiating powers with vendors to keep the profit margins high and also to compensate for the low footfall during seasonal fluctuations. This is one of the reasons which made the company popular and a common name among young teenagers. Eventually this very circumstance emerged as the companys intrinsic strength. Moreover, the company had standardized its strategies in alignment to the upcoming fashion trends in the industry. Management had been one of the most important of all elements beneath the jurisdiction of the company in compliance to its policy of tracing its strategies in line with upcoming fashion trends. In terms of bullion management, Clai res could rather be rated quite highly given that it had maintained insignificant levels of debts historically and in 2006 had no debt records as such. Analysis and Evaluation Growth rate in sales The number of stores under Claires Inc has increased significantly during the period 1992 to 2006. In the year 1992 the number of stores was 995 and this increased to 3050 in the year 2006. This implies a rise of more than three times. This has been achieved by the company through a rapid acquisition drive pursued by

Macro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Macro - Essay ExampleThe popular opinion among monetary economists is that the central banks should focus on on ostentation restrict as the basis for the creation of jobs as opposed to the reverse mode of spurring job growth by decreasing borrowing costs. The article states the case for a doubled mandate for banks in the control of inflation and the management of the unemployment levels.The article discusses two major underlying macroeconomic topics, inflation and unemployment. I agree with the popular opinion that the central banks should focus on controlling inflation as the means to controlling inflation as opposed to lowering the borrowing costs as a method of spurring employment and curbing inflation. The Federal Reserve does not have control over congress spending and as such it can only manage the inflationary make on employment over the unemployment effect on inflation. However the Federal Reserve can besides engage in small scale initiatives to reduce the level of une mployment.Appelbaum, Binyami. Fed Responds to a Grim veracity. New York Times. September 14, 2012. Web. November 7, 2012.

Discrete Mathematics(Mathematical Algorithms) Research Paper

Discrete Mathematics(Mathematical Algorithms) - Research Paper ExampleThe comprehensive study of how separate objects come together through one another and the homogeneouslihoods of a diversity of outcomes is acknowledged as combinatory. come on beas of mathematics which are known to be component of trenchant mathematics comprise graph theory as well as the theory of computation. In addition, subjects that are related to number theory like that resemblances and recurrence relations are as well renowned as a division of clear-cut mathematics (Wolfram Research, Inc. , 2010). This constitution presents a detailed analysis of the existing one of most famous paradigms of discrete mathematics which is known as Mathematical Algorithms. Mathematical Algorithms are presently one of the hot areas in discrete mathematics because of their extensive and effective use in the field of computer and information technology. This paper will provide comprehensive analysis of main features and ar eas of Mathematical Algorithms.The comprehensive study and areas of interest in discrete mathematics generally comprise the analysis and systematic study of algorithms, their efficiencies and implementations in various field of life. Discrete mathematics is also acknowledged as the language of mathematics used in fellowship with computer science, as well as its significance has increased noticeably in recent fewer decades (John & Weisstein, 2010). In a broad sense, an algorithm can be thought as instruction (or a set of commands or course of actions) according to that a specific procedure has to take place. We can conjecture that a computer program is an illustration or an accomplishment of an algorithm. This command/instruction has to be create in such an accurate manner so that it is proficient to be executed by an street girl that is capable to comprehend as well as efficiently run the algorithms commands. Several cases of consideration of algorithms are the strategies plann ed for summing up and finding difference between two or more

Nursing sociology_Analysis and critical evaluation of primary health Essay

fearfulness for sociology_Analysis and critical evaluation of primary health and community cargon benefits from perspective of health professionals near aged care - Essay ExampleHome and Community fear (HACC) is a cost-sharing program amidst the Commonwealth and State/Territory governments to enable the aged individuals to remain in their own homes by monetaryly supporting the old individuals primary carer. (Department of Health, 2008) As part of strengthening the goals of HACC program, members of HACC Program can receive financial support up to $12,000 each year whereas HACC carers can also receive $12,000 each year for their service (Aged bring off Policy Directorate, 2006). Aside from HACC, Community Aged Care Packages (CACP) also Extended Aged Care at Home (EACH) also strengthens support for aged population within their own home. CACP provides the aged race with support service which focuses on the complex caring needs of aged individuals whereas EACH aims to delivery health care services at home (Australian Government, 2008).Australia has inadequate number of registered nurses (Kearney & Thomas, 2008, p. 5) Because of the limited government funding, as such(prenominal) as 2.6 million mickle in Australia receive healthcare services from sexual carers instead of receiving care from primary carers (Austin et al., 2005 Gilmore, 2004) as compared to the actual health care demands of the aged population. Allen Consulting Group (2007) reported that there are only 57 primary carers that handle the health care needs of 100 aged individuals today.Since informal carers do not have sufficient knowledge on ways to protect themselves from strains, this group of people are more prone to suffer from physical injury. To increase the number of primary nurses and protect their health and well-being from excessive workload, the Australian government provides educational financial assistance ($9,316) to nursing students (Kearney & Thomas, 2008 p. 5).Aged Care Pol icy Directorate. (2006, April). Retrieved September 25, 2008, from Guidelines for Service Provision Levels in the Home

High Paid CEOs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

High gainful CEOs - Essay ExampleMost of the CEOs get their break with many components. These may include monthly salary, bonuses, blood line options, and others. Quite often, when we look at the data regarding the compensation of CEOs, that data includes in itself the expected value of downslope options, which is usually much higher than the current value and is set up the board of directors anticipating the performance of the fraternity (Kay & Putten, pp. 59- 61, 2007). In addition, many CEOs have a considerable amount of their compensation in form of rail line options and that is not liquid neither does the CEO walks away any morning with his stock options. Therefore, the liquid property or variable salary that the CEOs receive is often much less than what we see and hear with various sources (The Economist, 2010). Most critics of the CEO pay often forget that like any other employee of the company, the pay of the CEO is decided by looking at his job description, the sensi tivity of his job, the authority, task significance and the fortune associated with it. Quite understandably, the job of a CEO is tricky and a risky one because history has witnessed revolutions in companies due to great CEOs and destruction of many companies as well due to incompetent. Besides, if we look this issue from the crystalline lens of a bare market economist then this issue would cease to exist. These high salaries of CEOs are something, which the free market has come upon through market mechanisms and market driven forces (Beauchamp, Bowie & Arnold, pp. 158-159, 2008).

Cellular Network and Smartphone Application Security Research Paper

Cellular Network and Smart promise Application Security - query Paper ExampleNumerous applications present in smart phones have raised new bail questions. Security is a prime requirement for users today and therefore users should be knowledgeable about their exposure to attacks. Types of Cellular Networks 2G Stands for second generation wireless telephone technology its known as personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the United States. 2G technologies can be broadly divided intoTDMA-based, FDMA-based andCDMA-based standards. Comp ard to previous 1G networks that were analogue, 2G offered digital encryption and started the data service for cell phones including text messages. Digital signals allowed effective data compression and multiplexing dapple reducing the emission of radio receiver power. Enhanced security decreased the incidences of frauds. 2G is also a cell phone network protocol .Their features included voice mail, caller ID, Conference calling and simple web applic ations wish web browsing and email. Some modifications in 2G led to the evolution of 2.5G and 2.75G that account for the transition to 3G. 2.5G has a electric circuit switch domain and included MMS technology along with GPRS. 2.75G technology enables improved data transmission evaluate by virtue of being an extension on top of standard GSM hence performed better than its predecessors 2G and 2.5G. 3G tierce generation succeeded the GSM standards. It provided great speed to browse through WebPages, play 3D games, download or flowing full motion music videos. Verizon Wireless was the first to introduce 3G services in 2005.3G was accompanied by increase bandwidth, and greater domiciliate for diverse applications by the inclusion of packet-switched data with spectral efficiency at greater speeds. There are two 3G families 3GPP and 3GPP2. 3GPP was formed to foster deployment of 3G networks that came from GSM. Deployment GPRS and EDGE began in 2000 and 2003 respectively. These techno logies are outlined by IMT-2000.IMT2000 stands for International mobile telecommunications while 2000 means it was launched in 2000 had data rates of 2000 Kbp and frequency range of 2000 MHz. 3GPP2 was introduced to help operators using CDMA2000 to move to 3G. 3.5G was introduced with cable speeds and its added features include faster browsing of graphic intensive put and on demand videos. 4G Fourth generation refers to fourth-generation wireless that overtakes the 3G technology. What really constitutes 4G is not yet defined further 4G networks are distinguished by their use of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) rather than (TDMA) or (CDMA) even though carriers are divided on whether to use (LTE) or WiMAX. ITU standards claim that 4G network should allow exchange of data at 100 Mbit/sec whereas 3Gs speeds can be as low as 3.84 Mbit/sec. As pass judgment 4G is faster than all previous generations. Technologies that enhance coverage like FemtocellandPicocellare bei ng developed to support 4G technology. LTE (Long-term-evolution) It uses additional spectrum and multiplexing enhancing speeds which are10 times faster than 3G.The lag time has also reduced delay increasing the reactivity of buffering. It is known for its high quality Voice-over-IP (VoIP).It is believed that songs can be downloaded within 4 seconds and photos uploaded in 6 seconds. roughly of the smart phones support 4G LTE and it is available in more than 175 cities. WiFi WiFi provides wireless connectivity. It uses 802.11 radio technologies providing a fast and secure

Musicians who are known as heroic figures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Musicians who are cognise as heroic figures - Essay ExampleOne can almost draw the over-commercialization of this genre certify to Jackson, shaping pop medicinal drug into what it has become today. It truly is impossible to negate the intense influence he has had. At the same time, no one has conveyed social and political ideas using music quite as powerful as Dylan. He led in an age of prodigious songwriters. Dylans influence comes through and through his lyrics, hard-hitting poetry merged with beautiful music. He is a giant in the modern musics history.The Beatles transformed pop music on a level that no one else has perpetually been able to. They are perhaps the most well known musicians in the world and their legacy is doubtless certain to last for several decades to come. Elvis, on the other hand, formed rock and roll music. He commanded high-voltage music to the foreground. According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, he rose from humble circumstances to put in the rock and roll revolution with his commanding voice and charismatic stage presence. He carried this music and make it part of popular culture that it has been one of the greatest part of our culture

Activating Content through Social Media Advertising, Curation, Micro- Essay

Activating Content through hearty Media Advertising, Curation, Micro- blogging, Pinning and Posting - Essay ExampleThis paper outlines a strategy on how a realistic estate agent activates and promotes content through social media advertising, curation, micro-blogging, pinning, posting, and link baiting.Social media is a viable pickax embraced by businesses in the contemporary society. Paid advertising is achievable in sites such as Facebook and twitter. On Facebook, a real estate agent can advertise its business through promoting a knave and promoting its post through the boost post option. Recently, Facebook restricts the accessibility of posts, and only a page that has been promoted is likely to detect appreciable attention. Boosting a post presents several dynamics in which one can choose their prey demographics, age bracket, and duration of post (Bailey, 2010). For instance, the name of a page may be accessible and low-cost housing. It is a suitable strategy because one c an easily make a figure based on the available options. In addition, Facebook can enable an agent to target particular regions, and a strategy that is specific to their demographical region is beneficial in terms of avoiding overspending and time wastage in redundant areas. The mart is wide and newlyweds and job transients are always sprouting up every week. Gaining access to everyone at a global stage is nearly impossible, and in consequence, it is essential to identify and retain specified clientele. For instance, gay couples may prefer to stay in certain locations, and it is necessary as an agent to ensure their requirements are met. For that reason, as a real estate agent, I will specify the target countries and direct advertising towards the determine areas.As a real estate agent, I can utilize link baiting through highlighting the advantages of competitors while also promoting its brand. After one follows the link of its competitor or any former(a) company, the individual ma y be interested in the links that are in the same page. by link

Personal Effectiveness Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal enduringness Report - Assignment ExampleMr. Eason and Mr. Abdulrahman as a marketing officer and advertising officer industrious by the Western Australia State Government. They have been assigned to run the campaign with a big chore perplex the government. That is in recent years, many young people have died because of the alcohol related violence. today with a report written by the Mr. Eason and Mr. Abdulrahman to found working in a team personalities under align collide or even assent different kinds of problems.This six indicators are help Mr Eason and Mr Abdulrahman understand their give and tryout their character whether they can work together much(prenominal) effectively and efficient or not.And the test also help them find some problem and gives some recommendation let them work more easier.After the test Mr Easons and Mr Abdulrahmans Hemispheric Dominance test, the result was as shown in the plug-in below. accord to the theory of left-brain or right-brain do minance, each font of the brain controls different types of thinking. Additionally, people are said to favour one type of thinking over the other. For example, a person who is left-brained is often said to be more logical, anarchically, and objective, while a person who is right-brained is said to be more intuitive, thoughtful, and subjective. According to the left-brain, right-brain dominance theory, the right side of the brain is best at expressive and creative tasks. Some of the abilities that are popularly associated with the right side of the brain includerecognizing faces,expressing emotions,music,reading emotions,color,images,intuition and creativity.And The left-side of the brain is considered to be adept at tasks that involve logic, language and analytic thinking. The left-brain is often described as being better atlanguage,logic,critical thinking numbers and reasoning.Easons responded as a right brained person 8 questions, and responded as a left brained person to 11 qu estions. According to the Hemispheric Dominance test,

Cpk Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cpk - Term Paper ExampleBy so doing, CPK leave behind improve its margins since it will have streamlined the pizza menu alongside other critical issues. With the frugality favoring the restaurant chains, CPK has options to weigh, which include selling itself. With such options at sight, the caller-outs directors have allowed the management to spot up with strategic alternatives like changing the capital structure, merging, or acquiring other companies in the comparable industry. However, investors must be warned that such strategies ar not a guarantee for good performance in future. Some few years ago, CPK suffered from low sales because most pizza consumers opted to cook at home. Having accomplished that, the company launched a call center where customers would call to disembowel orders with free delivery. In addition, the company increase its wine varieties and the catering program. Since it owns most of the pizza restaurants in the US, CPK prefers to lease a huge proportio n of its airplane propeller in places where it is located. Such a strategy has assisted it avoid huge debts.As a premium pizza company in the US and around the world, CPK has to categorically select its best positions. Strategies, as discussed above, are an indicator that the company acknowledges the existing competition, changes in customer preferences, global issues, and environmental changes. Through such attributes, the company has adopted some strategies to accommodate customer preferences for instance launching a call centre, which makes it possible for customers to make orders instead of cooking at home. Some strategies are purely meant to help the company maximize profits. Managing a series of CPK restaurants can be a hectic task. For this reason, the management made a unique decisiveness by leasing out some of the restaurants under its name to reduce costs attached to management and gum olibanum maximize on profits. Strategies are helpful to any organization. They

Samsung Electronics And Its Managerial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Samsung Electronics And Its Managerial - Essay ExampleThe study go forth investigate the electronics industry in general and it will focus on Samsung Electronics and its managerial, operations and product dissemination style as a modelling which can be duplicated by Chinese Companies. Samsung rose from the basis of a mass sustaind, low price, export dumping electronic gild to be situated as the number three electronic company in the global market. There be no Chinese Companies which hold this distinction of being a leader in any industry. The study will appoint out why and how the Korean Company has become an industry leader. The study will pursue this composition because Samsungs management and operations style is extremely successful, and its importance as a demarcation model can serve as an example to other companies on how an aggressively focused question and reading department, and a well thought out marketing concept can make the passing in a companys bottom line. The beneficiaries will at a minimum be two- crimp for students who are interested in how a successful company plans its short and long term objectives for couch development. How burning(prenominal) it is to identify your primary market during the conception and development of a product and how comminuted it is to produce high-end tone products and not waver on corporate pricing structures. It will exhibit to the business the mortal how critical it is to establish policy and make it stick. The information presented by the study will provide the intragroup detail of a strategy which exhibits sound long-range business.... style is extremely successful, and its importance as a business model can serve as an example to other companies on how an aggressively focused Research and Development department, and a well thought out marketing concept can make the difference in a companys bottom line.The beneficiaries will at a minimum be two fold for students who are interested in how a su ccessful company plans its short and long term objectives for project development. How important it is to identify your primary market during the conception and development of a product and how critical it is to produce high-end quality products and not waver on corporate pricing structures. Moreover, it will exhibit to the business person how critical it is to establish policy and make it stick. The information presented by the study will provide the inner details of a strategy which exhibits sound long range business planning and reflects positive results, base on a system which is successful. 3 element 2The objectives of the study will be to surface that the system which Samsung functions under is replicable and can be applied to any business which is committed to remain focused.Section 3 Samsung Electronics, the consumer electronics giant in Korea, posted its financial performance for the first quarter, 2006 at 13.96 trillion won, which represents a one percent growth compared to the first quarter of 2005 (Survival) Samsung electronics revealed this years TFT - LCD monitor sales through November. The company has maintained its world market leadership by selling 5

The Strength of Harley Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Strength of Harley Company - Essay ExampleSWOT Analysis is another(prenominal) framework that can be enjoymentd in external analysis and it looks at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the market. These factors are used for determining the growth or decline of the market, the position of the business, direction, and potential for operations.The strength of Harley Company include customer loyalty and good reputation that they enjoyed in the local market, the dominance of super heavyweight motorcycle segment, state of art technological equipment for production, excellent workforce due to good treatment of employees and good strategies and organisational leadership. And the main threat was competition which was very stiff in the motorcycle market as come up as an entrant of cheap products into the market. This analysis shows that Harley was in a greater position of making use of its opportunities and strengths to create strategies that would help it improve sales and gain a competitive advantage over its competitors.The origin of Harley Owners Group further saw an improved and close relationship between the company and the consumers because they were involved in social and charity events in the community. This delivered an atmosphere and the kind of emotions where the consumers matt-up an experience like they had never felt before linking with the Harley-Davidson Company. This help the company improved its sales and gain customer loyalty as fountainhead as competitive advantage in the market. Traditionally the majority of Harley consumers were blue-collar men aged the 20s and 30s unless the demographic profile shifted and in 2002 the age group rose up from 30s to 40s. The company also put down a 9% increase in female consumers down from 2 percent in 1987. The asylum of baby boomers into the market also improved their sales and as the prices rose up, the middle-aged professionals became the demographic targets and as they were the m ost attractive for the company.

Stress in company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stress in comp whatsoever - Essay ExampleToo often, as noteworthy by Verespej (par. 8-12), executives prefer to ignore stress because acknowledging it might create a negative view of the company. In other cases, CEOs and senior managers simply do not see that a problem exists. If stress is evident, they believe it related to the employees personal problems and do not feel responsible for addressing it.A major outcome is the stress caused by project deadlines that do not take into consideration unexpected delays and therefore are almost impossible to meet. Employees who are allowed to evaluate a project themselves and set up a figure that takes into consideration possible delays volition be able to set their own deadlines, and the project will be accomplished with a minimum of stress. Unfortunately, some managers do not want to give up their impropriety and do not allow the staff to be part of planning a project. Therefore, the staff is presented with a plan in which they have no input and are not able to suggest any changes. The company therefore misses out on any innovative ideas employees might have, and for employees who are imaginative and enthusiastic, their particularised talents are suppressed, resulting in stress. Their actions are mechanical rather than creative, and if they are presented with a rigid deadline, they and the project will suffer. At the same time, managers who are expected to fulfill expectations of those above them are put in a precarious and stressful situation. The middleman becomes the scapegoat, and too often takes it out on staff members, leading to change magnitude frustration and stress at all levels.The ladder of managerial levels in a company tends to down at the bottom and move up, with each level of leadership answerable to the one above it. This discourages brusk discussion and managers find themselves without the ability to vent their concerns with other managers

Modular Approach to Building your ISE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modular Approach to Building your ISE - Essay ExampleA piping designer is capable of using ShipConstructor on top of an instance of AutoCAD P&ID and hence two toolsets are available in the ShipConstructor environment. Similarly, the AutoCAD software is also beneficial for a structural designer as he tooshie take advantages of AutoCAD Mechanical while working with ShipConstructor. In other words, the ShipConstructor software channels the benefits of the AutoCAD dodge as it is installed on top of the AutoCAD software. This modular approach to building an Integrated Shipbuilding Environment (ISE) would bear notable benefits as modern shipyards widely practice this technique. Since the ShipConstructor software uses a specific geometry model, it is easy to mix different concepts. Accuracy is another potential benefit of using the ShipConstructor software. By using this system, designer can shape a shipyard to a given scale in accordance with specific requirements. The most engrossin g feature of this system is that it is cost effective as the newly designed products can be easy integrated into the existing design of the shipyard.

Tourism individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tourism individual report - Essay ExampleThis means a lot more than has to be done in different areas to achieve this dream. This report is going to collapse the economic, social and political contexts in the development of Hong Kong as a tourist destination, evaluate and come up with recommendations as to the future opportunities and challenges facing Hong Kong. The report will include the manner in which Hong Kong has responded to impacts of the named development factors and the policies in has put in place. Table of Context 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................4 2. Literature Review................................................................................................7 3. SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................10 a. Strengths and Weaknesses..10 b. Challenges and Opportunities..11 4. Future of Hong Kong................ ...........................................................................13 5. Conclusion............................................................................................................14 1. ... The overall visitors flocking into the city was over 36 million in 2010. Of this number, long-haul arrivals were approximated to be 4.8 million and mainland arrivals to be 8.2 million. The destination has witnessed a string growth when it comes to the number of visitors from the Mainland as well as both the short and long-haul foodstuffs which have treble over the years. The long-haul visitors mainly come from Africa, Europe, and the Middle East making Hong Kong the leading performing market. Hong Kong has been facing powerful competition from Macau and other Mainland cities and the Hong Kong Tourism Board has reacted to this by working close with the trade and authorities to insure that Hong Kong remains a multi-itineraries destination. It intraregional tourism has witne ssed a rapid increase over the years as it has been receiving more regional short-haul tourists. In addition, the rapprochement between mainland China and Taiwan as well as the Chinas economy that has been booming over the years have led to desirable changes in the visitors arrivals composition to the destination. However, the political environment and the switch in sovereignty to China from Britain have squeeze its current markets and are expected to continue impacting its future strategies and position. Travel and Tourism is now considered as a strategic industry in Hong Kong and is being developed to become a socialists market economy. The current situation at Hong Kong has taken more than two decades of development and has yielded hard lesions and positive experiences. Hong Kong is appease searching for better strategies of coming up with a strong tourism industry that will be able to successfully compete in both global and regional markets. Hong Kong has faced many challenges and

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Phones Essay Example for Free

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Phones EssayMobile phones be really very of the essence(p) in our lives that we cannot think a life without them. It is a long-range, portable electronic device used for prompt communication. Mobile phones are affordable, easy to use and comfortable. The mobile phones redeem become crucial part of our life. there are facts which prove this. They ask replaced the wrist watches or the alarm clocks at home as we can see time in them wherever we are and also set alarms in them. When you are stressed you can listen to the music from in-built music player. You can also listen to the radio in these mobile phones. Various mobile phones come with high resolution megapixel cameras ranging from 1.3 to 8 megapixels. Mobile phones because of their varied multi-function capabilities have replaced many other devices. However Studies have shown mobile phone radiation does produce biological changes in humans such as changes in brain temperatur e and activity as well as parenthood pressure changes.Also there is evidence indicating that microwave radiation from mobile phones may cause stern diseases and disturbances in the physiology. This includes an increased cancer risk and genetic damage, disturbed brain function and other effects. besides mobile phones while driving is a distraction that brings risk of road traffic accidents. In conclusion, I believe although there are disadvantages of using mobile phones the advantages are more. They have completely intruded in our lives and have made their own unique stand. Once it was considered as luxury is now the thing closest to our hearts.

Marketing is more than selling and promotion Essay Example for Free

market is more(prenominal) than selling and promotion screenThe primary concern or objective of selling is to identify and satisfy, or exceed the changing unavoidably of clients. In view of this broad concern of merchandise, it can be seen that the concept of market summarizes many activities in a caper. merchandise, in fact, refers to any activity nethertaken by a firm that has been designed to plan, price, promote and leave ideas, goods and services to target markets. These marketing activities were executed in order to create an exchange and sales that go let out result in the achievement of the proprietors individual goals and the firms goals, both in the short-term and the long-term. It is then obvious that marketing forms an integral component of any businesss operations.In particular marketing activities attempt to increase a firms taxation base, by showing the importance of attracting potential customers in target markets to purchase the firms products in o rder to satisfy their wants, rather than those of firms competitors. Consequently, the marketing directly contributes to the attainment of the financial goals of the firm. Hence, the success of a firm is reliant upon the extremity to which it is able to identify, and satisfy the customers needs more effectively.Marketing as an activity that involves several features, all of which argon presented during the course of the marketing process. Such features include, firstly and most importantly, that marketing is a long process that begins with the entry of an idea and ends up as product that will be sold to satisfy a customers needs. Secondly, marketing is seen as a managerial process as it involves making managerial decisions about the particular admixture of product, price, place and promotion in a firm. Furthermore, marketing involves managers planning and ensuring that particular arranged activities are carried out, in order for the marketing plan to be successful. Finally, marke ting is perceived as a way in which firms are able to satisfy the needs of customers, and in turn achieve their own business goals.Marketing provides the business with the ability to satisfy the changing wants of customers. In light of this, and the fact that businesses warebecome increasingly aware of the role that marketing plays in achieving success in the business, several advancementes or philosophies to marketing have developed. There are different approaches to marketing, to help to define marketing and to show, how a specific marketing approach/s depends upon particular businesss marketing strategy and the type of product being marketed. Starting with a Marketing Concept, which believes that a customers need for satisfaction, is the economic and social reason for an organisations existence.This approach requires, that all of the businesss activities should be targeted towards meeting consumer wants, musical composition at the same time meeting the organisations goals. In effect, this approach needs the firm to find out what the customer wants, and subsequently develops a product to meet these requirements and then sell it at a profit. because the Production Concept should be considered. This approach states that the business will sell its product if it is both salubrious made and affordable. Businesses utilising this method require management to focus on improving production techniques and cost structures of the businessThe Product Concept focuses on the quality, features, and performance of the product. Believing that if the product has more features or is of a relegate quality and performance compared to competitors, it will then gain greater sales it is defiantly less customer orientated.The Selling Concept concentrates on developing sales techniques and promotional activities in order to entice customers into purchasing an organisations product, whether they want it or not. Therefore this approach places direct emphasis on customers, but poss ibly not on their want-satisfaction.After all the Societal Marketing Concept which is the latest marketing approach, combines the main ideas of the marketing approach, that is, determining customer needs and satisfying the businesss goals, but also integrates social province into the business. This social responsibility includes increasing environmental awareness, which may include tackling the problems of pollution and the exploitation ofnon-renewable resources. Modern day businesses are under pressure to adopt this marketing approach, in order to become more socially responsible. This approach not only focuses on fulfilling the customers want-satisfaction, but also satisfying society.These four approaches in particular show, that marketing is more than promoting and selling a product. They could be compared with the four P?s (product, place, promotion and price), which are normally employ to describe the process of marketing. But the concepts of marketing, production, product, s elling and society marketing give another view into the serious and never ending process of marketing.

U.S. Role in the Modern Middle East Essay Example for Free

U.S. intent in the Modern inwardness East EssayFor a period of more than sixty years, coupled States has been a prime player in politics of the kernel East. Since the 1991 Gulf War, Iran in the 50s and the time of contemporaneous Iraq devastation, the indemnity of United States has always created a big impact in the domestic affairs of the Middle East. For example, one of the current pervasive features is the Anti-Americanism in the present day public opinion of the Middle East. In this region, Israel is considered one of the best allies of the United States of America. Israel has been receiving aid from America since it was created in 1948. In fact, Israel receives a dumfounding amount of approximately $3 billion annually (Porter, 2010). This is a fact that foreign policy experts in the Middle East argon supposed to be aware of. The Middle East is a antagonistic region and Israel requires guarantee from America on the security front. Moreover, the United States on the oth er hand relies on the Israel administration in several respects. For example, during the cold war, the Washington administration needed Israel so that it can antipathetic communism.The United States needed Israel in formulation of a market economy approach in Middle East and again as a reliable ally in strategizing the Middle East policy projects. The foreign policy experts in Israel shoot several things they need to learn non completely on what is happening today but also from history. According to Kaplan (1993), Arabist tradition dates back to the times of Eli Smith in 1827 who took to the Lebanese mountains to learn Arabic. The impact of Arabs however on the U. S. policy began in 1940s.This is the moment United States booked itself actively in this region. Kaplan shows that the Arabs are just like China hands since they also had and ease pull in skills De breachment of State needed such as reliable contacts, local culture knowledge and language. Arabs in State had that dom ination capacity in the Middle Eastern bureau and this enabled them to absorb several others to their viewpoint. Arabs are mostly bound in a small world of their own and thus during this time they lacked bountiful imagination on what were the interests of the United States in their region.Arabs emergency a pristine Middle East and for recollective they have been against its modernization. As Arabs strive to show the harmony between Arab- Islamic and Western culture, they loath the Greeks and Maronites. scarcely of all, what they hate most is the Israelis. They blame them that they sp covered the century-old idyll. For the policy makers thus, there is needed for them to understand that Americas continued support for Israel angers Arabs and once made many of them to turn to anti-Semitism. Arabs carry old grudges which make them not to see the value Israel has on United States.Kaplan in general wants to show the policy makers that the issues concerning Israel are not just about Isr ael and oil but there is need for the country to devote to Arabs since they are part and parcel of the American history. In as much as America may decide to support on what is happening within the boundaries of Israel, it should not be forgotten that the relations that Israel has with its neighbors determine the outcome. According to Bronson (2006), oil for example has always been a significant factor in Saudi-U. S.relationship as well as in all the rest of the Saudi dealings. This can hardly be otherwise for this country since it carries near a quarter of the available oil resources in the globe and its oil exports carries between 90% and 95% of the overall export earnings. It is however important to state that even if oil offers a good report of what America wants in this region, it is not possible to explain the relationship strength. Thus, decision makers in the United States have to determine the relationships needed to be sustained and in what manner they should be maintain ed.The policy makers may be required to know that peace is the main solution to the major problems experienced in Lebanon and this will only be achieved if Lebanese are in a position to love their siblings more as it seems as if they hate them. According to Friedman (1989), he confesses that the internal divisions in Israel have to be papered afresh so that a new political life may take route. Even if Friedman looks like he has exaggerated on this point, U. S. decision makers in foreign countries like Israel need to see that there is a possibility of Israel firing the Lebanon way.All in all, U. S. foreign policy experts need to understand in their endeavors that the hostility that Arab countries have towards Israel still acts as the heart of Israel-Arab problem. The missing debate in Washington is not between those few who want Israel to be destroyed and the majority who want it to survive. Irrespective of what, Washington must support the right for Israel to embody in recognized i nternational borders and most of all defend its interests against nay threats.ReferencesPorter, K. (2010).The US-Israeli Relationship. Retrieved from http//usforeignpolicy. about. com/od/countryprofi3/p/usisraelprofile. htm Kaplan, R. D. (1993). The Arabists The romanticism of an American Elite. Retrieved from http//www. danielpipes. org/885/the-arabists-the-romance-of-an-american-elite Bronson, R. (2006). Thicker than oil Americas uneasy partnership with Saudi Arabia, New York Oxford University Press US. Friedman, T. L. (1989). From Beirut to Jerusalem. Retrieved from http//www. danielpipes. org/32/from-beirut-to-jerusalem

How to Talk about the World Essay Example for Free

How to Talk about the World EssayHow does the fountain paragraph establish the mood and values of the floor? With the opening paragraph of the story, reader can find that the story result be conveying something that is related to discrimination over niggers or black peck in the location. It impliedly said that on that point should be no boundaries to be set using the color of the beat or the race that a certain person belongs to. Also, there should be no particular(a) treatment to people who atomic number 18 considered to be powerful especi all toldy when that person is a relative to anyone who owns the establishment. To associate with the society, special accord should be given to everyone and not to selected few especially if they are well-known to politicians or they are influential because of their wealth. 2) State the nature of the conflict in John? John is having a conflict to himself. He does not know whether or not he will approach Dorris in whatever expressive style that is politely for her to receive and gentlemanly for him to give. He is having trouble on how to treat Dorris and on how to react on the things that Dorris is showing him.At first, he tried to ignore her but in the later part of the story he can not contain himself by just merely looking at Dorris from a distance. Even though there is a mixed feeling bothering him, may be it can be synonymous to having butterflies in the stomach, John still tried his best to treat Dorris the way she should be treated. However, when their build touched each other, both moods shifted gradually and there was a little firearm of intimacy that envelopes them. Without them knowing, there is already a contact between them however, they still tend to ignore it because they know nothing will happen.3) How does the author achieve dramatic conflict between John and Dorris even though they do not speak to each other? The author achieved the dramatic conflict between the two characters when they were dancing gracefully in an empty room that only John knows of. It was then that John and Dorris realized that there is something in each other that makes them shiver. After they have had a soulful act outside the stage, they both treasured each other yet the other one is nowhere to be found. In Johns dreams, it was Dorris whom he is dancing with.Imagining Dorris is something that made the drama in the story is interesting. The highlight of the story was when they both entered a room that is only filled with darkness and they both took advantage of the time that they are alone. They were able to avenge each others yearning because of the intensity of the affection that they both showered each other. However, not all things end with a happy note. John disappeared without Dorris knowing. She searched for him yet, nothing happened. Dorris may feel a little bit of regret for having ignored John all the while.

Capitalist Economy Essay Example for Free

Capitalist Economy EssayThe right of private property means that productive factors such(prenominal) as land, factories, machinery, mines etc. ar under private ownership. The owners of these factors are free to use them in the way of life in which they like. The government may however, put some restrictions for the benefit of the society in general granting immunity of enterpriseThis means that everybody engages in any economic activity he likes. More specifically he is free to set up any firm to produce goods.Freedom of choice for the consumersThis means that slew in a capitalist economy are free to spend their income as they desire. This is known as consumer sovereignty. Consumers are sovereign in the sense that producers produce only those goods which consumers are testamenting to buy.Profit cause In a capitalist economy, it is the gain ground motive which forces or induces battalion to work and produce tilt Competition prevails among the sellers to sell their goods and among buyers to obtain goods to satisfy their wants. Advertisement, price cutting, discount etc., are found to be the average methods of competition in any capitalist economy.Inequalities of incomes There is generally a wide gap of income between the rich and the poor in the income which mainly arises due to unequal distribution of property in such economies.Merits of capitalist economyThe following are the merits of capitalist economy1.To attract the consumer, the producer is in a position to bring out newer and finer varieties of goods 2.The existence of private property and the driving force of profit motive results in high standard of living 3.Capitalism works automatically through the price machine 4.The freedom of enterprise results in maximum efficiency in production 5.All activities under capitalism make whoopie the maximum amount of liberty and freedom 6.Under capitalism freedom of choice brings maximum satisfaction to consumers 7.Capitalism continue fundamental ri ghts such as right to freedom and right to private property 8.It rewards men of opening and enterpriseCountry as a whole benefits through growth of business talents, development of investigate etc.,Demerits of capitalismThe following are the demerits of capitalism1.In capitalism the enormous wealth produced is apportioned by a few. This causes rich richer and poor, poorer 2.Welfare is not protected under capitalism, because here the aim is profit and not the welfare of the people 3.Economic instability in terms of over production, economic depression, unemployment etc., is very common under capitalism 4.The producer spends huge amounts of money on advertisement and sale promotion activities like fairs, exhibitions etc., 5.Class conflict arises between employer and employee and they will be paid low wages and this leads to strikes and lock outs 6.Productive resources are misused under capitalism and they are used for the production on luxuries as they are bound to bring high profit s 7.Capitalism leads to the physical composition of monopolies and8.There is no security of employment for the workers and employees under capitalism.Referencehttp//classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

For all the Tea in China by Sarah Rose Essay Example for Free

For every last(predicate) the Tea in china by Sarah Rose EssayFor all the Tea in china -How England Stole the Worlds Favorite Drink and Changed Hi spirit level as the subtitle foreshadows the spirit level already. Before I had take down read the book I assumed it would be a locomote of betrayal, action and only closed off to the thus farts that occur res as Robert component part underhandedly absents chinas valued teatime right from underneath theyre witness noses. But little did I hit the hay that it Sarah Rose has compound all the events essential to the to cultivation of tea in the mid Nineteenth-century. In Audition to this Historical non-fiction story that may be boring to others, or as one of my fellow classmates would put it Ive been spacing surface throughout the book I Believe that Sarah Rose Has painted a Vivid image of the 19th century, with out a single page, paragraph, or sentence wasted with unnecessary knowledge to the readers view from how the p rincely Horticultural Society of England and the vitamin E India Company affected Englands economy, traditions were also created based off of tea dispatch such as the Annual Tea race. And how World Changed Englands East India Company to officially close down.Robert Fortune, a Scottish gardener, botanist, and worlds best plant hunter, famously known for his The British tea Heist which Sarah Rose writes stormily and was inspired by Scott Anderson in this book, and in audition famous for bringing back and documenting new oriental person plants from chinaware to England. Such as lovely tree peonies, and the uniquely streaked ornamental plant genus Hosta Fortunei. which was named after Robert fortune himself along with some other oriental plants found under his own travels non during the multiple expeditions he was sent to do by the East India Company. Fortune while undergoing the process in sending India seeds that are healthy and germinated.. that how?Fortune had realized that tra nsporting the seeds in side packages while shipped doesnt bank check the life cycle so the seeds that were in anything but soil were unsuccessful because the environment was unsuitable for the coterminous step of its life which was the sapling.Buy having the tea seeds in the layers of soil and in the warden cases protected from sea spraying forced the seeds to germinate with little watering because, of the warden cases the water that evaporated would just collect and drop back to the tea plant because of the morning ascribable. Which has never been done before and changed the way of transporting seeds across seas for decades to come, and also solved the bother of transporting larger plants such as towering red woods and,England were now able to transport a whole species in at that place easy to tend to seed forms. The reason why Fortune had to yield on this task of stealing Chinas tea secret was because. In the early nineteenth century China and Britain had a shaky relationsh ip of trading Englands opium that China was so addicted to for theyre finest tea which grew high among the dactyl like mountain karsts of Wuyi in the Fujian provenances.But it was China who Threaten to grow and sell there own opium, and Britain couldnt let that happen because England relied on that finance to fund there tea budget And so if China wanted to play that way so will the British, therefore they sent Fortune. Poorer Qualities of tea already existed laborious to compete with chinas finest tea in the Experimental grounds a part of the Himalayas in India run by the British. But could not duplicate the process of making tea itself or how its grown with out the treasured knowledge china was keeping from them world. When Fortune succeeded it had Put Britain at the center of trade because there companies would ca-ca safer qualities of tea because the Chinese where slowly killing people with dyes and pigments used in paints to color green tea, which pissed Britains choice wit h the already popular black tea. And also the hold of opium production as well as tea production, and civilization helped. Fortunes First 12 month period self-gratification was spent traveling to the Zhejiang and Anhui provenances for leafy vegetable Tea. He had to disguise himself as a well paid merchant which wasnt enough to get spy but held enough respect he usually was given.He needed to do deceive the local anaesthetic Chinese and Tea producers in order to get the information but there was no event in how he did it, which I thought it would be a lot more exhilarating to know the master plan of how he was able to deceive so comfortably and to be trusted with that a good deal valuable information, and most importantly needed the information of how to process and grow tea or it would be useless to get the thousands of seeds and saplings necessary to start a growing tea profitably with out having a clue of doing so and let them die. Also During Fortunes Expedition it would b e impossible to travel the multiple provenances of China with out a Guide or Help to carry his Warden cases by him self hence he had to hire servants a collie whom preferred to be called that and Wang a business negotiator which served well but was easily influenced into trouble to a common trait that most Chinese did at the time it was called the Squeeze which was extracting cash illegally from someone trying to earn a few bucks. And handful of trouble came from Fortunes servants betrayal because Fortune would treat them as any regular employee as they made mistakes or bad decisions that would jeopardize his aspiration he would punish them fairly but backfired.Another tradition the Chinese have Is called Face which is the tantamount(predicate) of dignity or prestige, but the actual way it works is still really foggy due to lack of detail about this subject. So when Fortunes two servant were hired to serve him and he relied on them a lot which gave them a large amount of face, bu t because of a situation when his collie pulled a Squeeze. It Jeopardized his get the hang safety but it was fortune who settled the feud by having him return the money and apologize which down(p) Collie that caused him to lose face. During Fortunes entropy expedition to retrieve black tea from the Steep mountain of Wuyi, since both teas were so different and should be treated as two different plants there for Fortune was ordered to take two separate trips. Fortune had hired another servant named Sing Hoo he wasnt was a collie but he was strong and he was intelligent but not a businessmen man, the new unwavering servant of Fortunes had once been in the service of a high-ranking mandarin affiliated with the imperial family at Peking. and also bore arms of his former office of the imperial court signified as a flag and serves as a passport throughout the country, it was a gift from the a former master.And during this second trip Fortune disguised himself as a high ranking mandarin from beyond the outstanding Wall of China which I thought would be hasty compared to lying low on the firstly trip. Also I thought it was amusingly clever that he chose the people from beyond the Great jetty because, they were known for being abnormally taller heyday than the rest of the population in china which gave an explanation for Fortunes height while infiltrating China. If not for Fortunes treacherous task and constant awareness no matter what might of happened to ferment Fortune hate the country, he could probably hate every single thing in china but I doubt he would never be able to hate Chinas beauty from there great dense bamboo Forests off theyre proud mountains to the peaceful city of serenity named Zhejiang.Fortune was also a naturalist who was touched, and changed, by China and its treasures largely unseen by western eyes, in which found even more beautiful than the landscape of his own country. Green Tea was a failure because they had withered even before it ha d reached India of the improper shipping technique. Even though it had failed Black tea was a success which Changed tarradiddle Forever in Britains favor Trade wise. I had also thought even though its not a picture book I would recommend a diagram of important people of the East India Company and The Royal Horticultural Society of England. And definitely a Map of Fortunes Travels Both trips to India and Maybe that trip to Japan.

Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

crossroads by William Shakespeare Essay small t knowledge is a story by William Shakespeare pen in 1599. This story is about Prince Hamlets struggles after his founders death. Hamlet seeks strike back from his uncle for his fathers death. His uncle, Claudius sees Hamlet as a threat to his power, so he attempts to get relinquish of him. Unfortunately, his plan backfires, and the whole royal family dies, including Hamlet. An animated childrens Disney movie, The lion powerfulness created in 1994, reflects Hamlet. The Lion female monarch starts with a lion cub, Simba, who is learning the responsibilities of a king. match, Simbas uncle has the desire to generate the king. In order, to fulfill his dream, Scar massacres king Mufasa and blames Simba. Scared and guilty Simba runs away, but returns soon after to take over his responsibility and become king. The Lion King is like a reproduction of the play Hamlet. The stories are similar and different in many ways. Here I sport l isted a few of many.The Hamlet and The Lion King have a set in similar. In both of the stories, the uncle is the villain who seeks power. Simba and Hamlet both lose their fathers to what they remember is an unfortunate accident. Both of the main characters seek revenge for their fathers death and eventually kill their uncles. They are both from a royal family and the rightful heir to the throne. The characters are very similar and so is the plot. The queens, Sarabi and Gertrude have little to no power in the kingdom. Scar and Claudius are portrayed as chilly and evil. Simba and Hamlet are presented as beliefful, intelligent and emotional.Although the stories are known to have similarities, they have a lot of differences too. The most prominent difference is that Hamlet dies at the end of Hamlet, whereas the Lion King has a golden ending. Simba marries Nala and has a baby. In the Lion King, Simba is framed for Mufasas death so he chooses to run away, however, in Hamlet, Claudius orders Hamlet to go to England. Claudius rules pretty well, he does not ruin the kingdom like Scar. After his fathers death, Simba lives a carefree life for some years, whereas Hamlet is depressed, and on the verge of madness. Also, in Hamlet Polonius is Ophelias father, however in the Lion King, Zazu is not related to Nala. The differences are what puzzle the stories unique.Disney recreated Shakespeares Hamlet into an animated childrens movie to make it suitable for children. They could have copied all of it, but then kids would not have liked it. The language of Hamlet is difficult to understand, whereas the Lion King uses modern words. Lion King creators did not kill Simba in the end because kids like to see happy endings. Movies created for kids should not be depressing. They put in a family feeling in the movie, so more people would watch it and they would make more profit. The Lion King had a moral, like other Disney movies. Here the moral was, you have to learn to step up and keep moving forward, instead of running from your past.In my opinion, both of the stories were quite entertaining and well thought of. Disney did a great job with changing the story. They kept the major similarities but changed Shakespeares work into their own words. Hamlets tragic ending and The Lion Kings delightful ending make them remarkable. They are stories worth knowing.

Hawthorne effect Essay Example for Free

Hawthorne resultant EssayIn todays competitive modality lots of business owners be trying to get more from their lapforce at the comparable measure however their employees be trying to get more from their tradings. punish and acquaintance programmes atomic number 18 unriv in alled expressive style that employers can stir up their staff into changing their key behaviors and work habits, thus benefitting the business. At the same clipping these schemes can also give the employee that little bit extra they are looking for from job.Motivation and vantage are closely linked and in that location render been many credible theories written on the subject. It is astray recognised that human beings see a need to feel valued, both in their home lives and in the work office staff. To keep people motivated they need to be encouraged, rewarded (where appropriate) or recognised in their endeavors. whizz of the most valued of the penury theories was written by Abraham Masl ow from the USA back in the 1950s. As vox of his study into motivation Maslow developed a five tiered hierarchy of ineluctably. He argued that the course to motivate several(prenominal)s in the workplace and indeed in life is to satisfy the need sets 1 by one and in order. The commencement ceremony of the need sets and the most basic are the biological and physiological needs. These are survival requirements ingrained into us and evolved with mankind for tens of thousands of years, things such(prenominal) as food, shelter, warmth etc. In Maslows sham its these needs that need to be satisfied before anything else, for example there is little point in time offering status as a motivator, when the individual has non yet satisfied basic requirements such as achieving a livable prosecute in order to eat, secure shelter etc.Reward SystemsPeformance at Mark-it- galvanic pile Co Ltd is not what it should be and it has been decided between senior mangement and the Human Resources de percentment that the psychiatric hospital of a reward scheme is whats required to motivate the workforce and improve work overall.The aggroup in charge of deciding on the reward system to implement mother come up up with the following suggestionsVariable Pay/Bonus SchemeA scheme of variable pay is one possible solution for the supermarket. In this scheme a portion of the employees pay would be considered at risk. This portion of the wage leave behind be rewarded according to the performance of the company as a whole, on the basis of personal acheivement or found on the results of a department or aggroup up (this would in all probability be the most stiff for this type of commercial business)Targets will be set at the commencement exercise of a specified period (per annum is the common period) at the end of this period depending on the how well the targets realize been met, a percentage or full quantity of the at risk part of their pay will be paid to the individual. This payment could take a few protestent forms, possibly a exchange bonus, a quantity of stock or shares in the business.Whilst monetary reward has been proven to be effective and can encourage to a great extent work amongst a team or individually, it has the disadvantage of impacting on cabbage make by the supermarket, for example if the grocery team meet their target for keeping the produce displays replenished to a defined level, whence the whole grocery team will have earnt the bonus which must be paid from the profits. You also may have a situation where part of the workforce run short demotivated, if their team or they personally have missed out on a bonus.Bonus and pay piddle rewards are considered differently depending on which motivation theory you study. For example in Maslows hierachy of needs, financial remune balancen is exclusively mentioned inside the first tier of the hierachy which covers the most basic and obvious survival needs (physiological needs) Money was not considered by Maslow be a long confines motivator.Frederick Herzberg considered financial reward to be amongst his hygiene factors that is that specie in itself is not a motivator but actually will only act as a dissatisfier if the individual feels that their financial expectations and requirements of the role are not being met.In contrast to Maslow and Herzberg, illusion Stacey Adams exponent have argued that bonus schemes and pay related rewards can indeed be effective motivators. If the individual percieves that they are gettting a mean(a) input to output balance in comparison to their peers eg, works hard (input) for a pay bonus (output) However that motivation through financial reward top executive not last. If the individual learns that a colleague or peer is benefiting from a better input to output ratio (eg doesnt work as hard, but gets paid more) then the individual can quickly become dissatisfied.PromotionThe introduction of a promotion programme could be a v iable option. If the employees are aware that there is a realistic opportunity for them to progress inside Mark It Down Co then they will likely feel motivated towards improving their standard of work in the expect that they will be one of the employees chosen for promotion. Maslows heierachy of needs supports promotion as a motivator, however depending on the person promotion/status as a form of motivation might be quite spirited up on the tiers and as such it would only work if the tiers under have already been satisfied. in that location could be several downsides to this however often with promotion comes a climb on in requital for the individual, which will of course impact on any profit made by the supermarket. There might also be a risk of a culture developing within the company whereby individuals take the attitude that they are out for themselvesEmployee of the MonthOne of the suggested cite programmes is an employee of the monthscheme. The sentiment is that all empl oyees and managers are provided with a brief form to be used to nominate an employee that they suppose deserves recognition (they should also explain the reasons behind there nominating address)Due to the nominations for employee of the month being business wide-cut not only is the playing field for recognition level, but there is the s recognise for recognising excellance in all of the different areas of the organisation. This reward system could be as low or high cost as Mark it Down Co directors see fit. There is support for this type of recognition reward in Elton Mayos Hawthorne Effect theory. Following his studies of workplace behaviour at the Hawthorne coif Chicago in the late 1920s and early 1930s Mayo deduced that emotional factors acted as farther better motivators than economical ones, as such a reward scheme of this nature could be in truth effective indeed, not to mention low cost.On the downside employee of the mon th schemes can have a tendancy to be considered a little cheesy and may require a little effort on the part of the programme managers in order to keep all of the staff motivated to particiate by completing the nomination slips.Pass on PraiseSomething as simple as passing on positive comments you have heard about an employee direct to the individual can have an extremely motivational effect. Again the hawthorne effect supports this belief. The praise could passed on by way of email, copying in managers or even with a take to task to a senior managers office in order to receive thanks directly.The main advantage of this inclination is that it costs nothing and is extremely easy to implement, however it may not be enough on its own, I would suggest that this tactic be used in conjunction with one of the other employee recognition schemes.All of the afore mentioned reward options have the potential to be effective, however the success of the chosen scheme could have a lot to do with theindviduals in nbeed of motivation. For instance in McGregors theory, the two employee types, X and Y differ greatly. What might motivate a Y employee ( whateverone that is naturally happy to take on repsponsibilty and excepts work as part of life) might have the opposite effect on an employee of the X variety (someone thats avoids repsonsibility and needs to be heavily supervised. The type of employees to be motivated should be considered before a motivation and reward scheme is decided upon.Monitoring PerformanceThere are various ways to superintend the performance of your workforce. In the supermarket setting of Mark it Down Co, these could bePhysical the recite of sales made, the number of employees served, punctuality or attendance. There can be no disputing these types of performance indicators they are unequivocal and offer a realistic insight into the performance of a team or individual.Qualiative these indicators are based on opinions and judgements (the view of a supervisor or the such like). These indicators are just as pregnant as physical ones but managers should be careful to ensure that any measures of performance are considered fair by both the employees and employers.Goals and TargetsPerformance measurement can also be linked to the companies appraisal system, that is performance can be measured by assessing progress made on targets and goals agreed at the preliminary review. Appraisals are valuable in this respect.In order to effectively monitor performance in this way it is important to ensure that your employees are aware of the difference between target and goal.Goals These are long term ambitions that should relate to the individual aims for progressing within the company.Targets These are the steps taken in order to achieve the goal. There is an acronym that can act as a guide for the criteria that any targets should adhere to. They should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and snip bound. There is little point setting targets outside of these parameters.Monitoring pr ogress towards identified goals and objectives as a way of determining who deserves reward does have its pros and cons though. On the one hand it can be considered an soft measurable method of monitoring performance, but on the other (particularly when the goals and targets have been set for a team or group) it could be argued that the fact that a company/team or individual is achieving its set goals and targets is not a true indication of who has made the most effort towards making that happen and as such is not an effective method for identifying who should qualify for reward. This is an important thing to consider when applying motivation and reward schemes, as an incorrect or ill managed monitoring technique could be costly to a business. For example a company will not want to be handing out cash bonuses to a whole team for reaching a set goal if it transpires that 3 out of 5 team members have made no improvement to their work output and had nothing to do with the teams progress or achievementWhen considering target setting as a way of monitoring progress and establishing where reward, praise or recognition should be given, serious thought should be given to how the company plans on pinpointing exactly who has been trusty for progress, both positive and negative.BenchmarkingAnother way to monitor company performance is to measure its successes and failures against those of other businesses in the same market. For example Mark it Down Co could measure its sales figures against one of its competitors, Lidl for instance. This method is know as bench marking andits all about taking the best practices of the highest achieving businesses in the same market and applying them back in the business in apparent motion.Job EvaluationIts has been brought to management attention that one of the employees at Mark it Down Co believes that he is receiving less salary for the same work as one of his peers. The following two methods can be used to evaluate the jobs of the individuals in question in order to assess whether theses concerns are justified or not.Job RankingJob rank is one of the simplest methods of job military rating. Its considers the job as a whole and ranks it against another whole job within the organisation. This is usually carried out by the raters comparing the jobs using their general knowledge of the roles themselves. The jobs are ranked in order of the difficulty of the job itself or the importance of the role to the company. The procedure is followed for each department and then a comparison of jobs at all levels is made and jobs are given grade levels which define salary groups.The job ranking method is easily understood by all employees and simple to administer, however it does have its disadvantages, this technique is not really suitable for large organisations with complex structures where its is much harder to gain familiarity with all of the job roles. With this in mind it is probably not the solution that should be use d at Mark it Down Co Ltd.Point Factor MethodThe point factor method establishes job values by assigning points to each area within a group of defined factors, below are some examples but there any many different factors that could be defined further and given points in order to be used for job evaluationSkill Within this group there might be points available for, experience or training.Effort The points available for effort might be dual-lane between mental and physical effort.In this method each job is rated using the defined points system. The points are totaled to form the final score for that particular role. From there jobs are grouped into salary grades (jobs with homogeneous points ratings would be placed together in the same salary grade) This method can be clean-cut to meet the needs of specific companies and is suitable for use within larger organisations where there are a large number of jobs to evaluate. Its an easy model to work with once its in place but can be very expensive and time consuming to develop in the first instance. In my opinion the point factor method would be a the better job evaluation model to use for Mark it Down Co. Job ranking is just too simplistic to cope with the amount of individuals roles at this organisation. The factors I think should be used to develop the point system are as follows Skill Experience, Training, Ability, EducationResponsibilities Monetary, Supervisory, ReportingEffort Mental, PhysicalEnvironment Job Location, HazardsIn order to establish if the employee in question has a case for querying the wage he is on in comparison to his colleague. His overall score for the above factors should be calculated in order to establish his pay bracket. If the pay grade is the same as that of his colleague then his concerns are justified and his wage should be brought into line. If it is not and he is in a lower wage group then there is no case for a wage increase. Equally if the individuals wage bracket is determi ned to be high than that of his colleagues then his wage should be adjusted to reflect as much.

Child Life During the American Revolution Essay Example for Free

Child Life During the American revolution EssayDuring the American Revolution, children were not a big involvement in it, but, they were still active during it. Well, during this time, there was not really a good trains system for children. Boys were ordinarily out working a job or going to school. They did intimately of the money work out of all the children. Also, while the boys were working, the girls were at home learning becoming etiquette from their catch or a house break ones back. Girls were taught to be actually lady-like during all hours. It was very rare to see a girls go to school getting a proper education. Lastly, some of the older boys were out fighting in the Revolutionary War. Boys would do war work at a young age back then. iodin thing that boys did during the American Revolution is go to school and get jobs. Their type of school system during the American Revolution was not like our school system today. In the late 1700s werent as structured, settled, and complicated. At the schools the boys went to they learn mostly about Christianity and how to point and write. Boys went to grammar school and college. There was a public school that was on the loose(p) for education and then there was a private school that you have to pay.People in the center Class and Upper Class were usually the only class of people that attended school. Back then, school wasnt mandatory. If a boy wasnt in school he would usually be working. It was usually a low paying job because money was limited during the American Revolution. There are very few jobs that a boy (not a man) can get during the American Revolution. One of the only jobs a boy could get is a place in the war. As in, theyd be participating in the Revolutionary War.One thing that girls did during the American Revolution is appeaseing at home learning proper etiquette. Theyd usually learn this from their mother. If they were in a household where slaves were treated respectably and knew how to r ead and write, (for example, how Miss bloody shame Finch treated Isabel and her family in the book Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson) then sometimes an elderly house slave would teach her while her mom is gone. Sometimes when a family doesnt own a slave they stay home and clean, usually.It was very rare for a girl to have a proper education in this finish of time. Girls were not allowed in in grammar school or college, but most girls still knew how to read and write. I a girl waned to have an education whatsoever she would have to attend a homeschooled education. Homeschooled girls were not educated at the same level the boys that went to school were. The girls were taught religion too, but, hey were only taught artless math and simple English. They werent really taught anything complicated.Lastly, a common job that a boy would get during the American Revolution is going into the Revolutionary War. Though most of the men fighting in the war were from the ages 8 to 50 or 60, there we re boys that were 12 at the youngest. The actually had a pretty important job in the war. Most of the 12, 13, and 14 year olds were drummer boys. The drummer boys made field music for the soldiers.The drums were an important means of conveying orders to the soldiers on the battlefield. Some children were powder monkeys. Powder moneys are the people whose job was to run and carry powder charges from the pooh-pooh ship below the waterline to the gun crews shooting the cannons during the battles. The older kids (about 15 or 16) went out to sea as midshipmen. A midshipman is a navel cadet.As you can see, children werent handed that many opportunities during this period of time. There werent children out playing with their friends, going to the movies, etc. They were very limited to what they could do. Boys could, really, only go to school or get a job. Girls just stayed home and rarely go a proper education. Also, boys could join he war. The child life during the American Revolution w as very limited.

Understanding Terrorism Essay Example for Free

accord Terrorism EssayThe type of fundings they used in the dirty war was, committing fiddling petty crimes or credit card frauds. They used radiation and dirty bombs to create the explosions. The assets they used where from both over the country, they hid the material in vegetable oil. The Tactics they used to deceive the law enforcements were just to break down a normal life. None of them had a criminal past, they were normal citizens in the laws eyes. The terrorist used a plenitude of phone cards. Thats how the legal philosophy started catching on to what they were doing. The failures that the law enforcements had were they wasnt ready for such a disaster. It also took them along time to catch on to what was happening right in front of their eyes. The general public couldnt have stopped the attack no way possible. Other than telling the police that there was suspicious activity happening in their area, they could have been no help.Finally the law enforcements started put clues together about the phone cards, the oil from the restaurant that was carrying the dirty bomb material in side. They were approximately too late for the first bomb but they caught the other two right in time. The violate I didnt understand is that all 3groups didnt work together but they were going to take off at the same time. I found that strange. The motive I saw from the movie was that it was religious purposes.

The Relationship Between The English Legal System And International Law International Law Essay

The Relationship Between The face court-ordered System And Inter national fairness world-wideisticist Law EssayThe essay deals with the relationship between the slope well-grounded system and worldwide intelligentity. Although in that location is near discrepancy among the ii systems, they merge at some points. Looking at the theories around this issue, our interior(prenominal) help legal order seems to follow the dualist cuddle. Nonetheless, two the pose of transnational honorfulness towards municipal regulates and the approach as regards the police of the nations by the side of meat legal system deficiency to be examined. level off though the planetary legal machine does non permit a say to use up its municipal justness as a defence to impact of its outside(a) obligations, it does non all ignore municipal right rules. This means that there is an oerlap between the two systems. Apart from that, by observing the reaction of the English legal sys tem to accordance rightfulness it erupts that conventions should be domesticated, through variety, by an Act of Parliament. It should be noned that this is an expression of the dualist approach. In addition, mention is do to the attitude of our domestic legal system towards frequent external legal philosophy, which tends to be unsteady. Despite the particular that supranational rule was considered to be unified in English law for years, according to recent exercises there seems to be a change towards the transformation principle. Moreover, though there ar areas of international law where the English courts basenot step in, the law of the nations is not utterly outside from our domestic legal system. As a matter of fact, albeit some differences between the two legal systems they nourish influence upon each(prenominal) other. IntroductionNowadays, a close observation of international law allow queer an enormous development in its substance. As a matter of fact, t his transparent system of law, which regulates the interrelationship of autonomous adduces, deals with ask outionally signifi toilett matters like human rights, war and international crimes. At this point, a question that aptitude be asked by a person reading regularly the external News piece in a British newspaper will be the following Given the importance of international law and its communal interests in certain fields with the English legal system, what is their relationship? Is there an overlap or a gap between them? In order to provide a reliable answer, we should examine the billet of municipal law within the international sphere and mainly how the English legal system responds to accordance and ordinary international law.Theories on the relationship of international and internal lawAmong other things, scholars attempted to relieve the relationship between international and domestic law through various theories. Most persistent shit been the theories of monism an d of dualism. On the one hand, monists (like Lauterpacht) argue that there is a single legal order with international law at the peak and all national rules below it in the hierarchy.1In contrast, under the dualist theory support, supported by Oppenheim and Triepel, international and municipal are two different legal systems existing side by side but operating in different arenas.2Indeed, jus gentium is a law between independent states whereas domestic law applies within a state regulating the relations of its citizens with each other and with the executive. Accordingly, international law rules to be considered pee-pee to be domesticated through adoption or transformation by the national legislature.In general, it seems that various countries have adopted one or the other doctrine with many common law countries supporting the dualist view while civilian systems subscribe to the monist school of thought. Nevertheless, there are elements of both perspectives in the jurisprudence of m any states. Therefore, the opposing schools of dualism and monism do not adequately reflect actual state practice.3Specifically, Fitzmaurice characterizes the monist-dualist controversy as unreal and artificial since each system is supreme in its own field.4Even though the English legal system tends to employ the dualist approach5, in advance forming a whether or not it never meets the law of the nations, an assessment of their attitude towards each other ought to be parcel outed.The position of English-municipal rules in international lawUn disbelieveedly, in the practice of international courts and tribunals there is a dividing line between international and domestic law. They have established principles regarding the application of municipal law within the international legal system. As a general rule, a state cannot justify the violation of its international obligations by relying upon its domestic legal situation.6This prep has been established by state practice and decided slip-ups.To start with, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 (hereafter VCLT) states that a party whitethorn not invoke the purveys of its internal law as plea for its failure to perform a treaty.7In addition, non-compliance with municipal law rules on the competence to make treaties whitethorn not generally be invoked by a state to hinderate its consent to a convention, except if the infringement of its domestic law in question is manifest and concerned a rule of central importance.8Apart from that, subject-law illustrates the above principle. For instance, in the Alabama Claims Arbitration9, albeit the absence of British legislation necessary to intervene with the private construction and sailing of the ship concerned, Great Britain violated its obligations as a neutral in the United States Civil War by allowing the departure to occur. Further, reference should be make to the finding of the International Court of Justice in the Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Article 21 of the UN home office Agreement of 26 June 194710, where it was emphasized that the fundamental principle of international law is that international law prevails over domestic law.11This was re-affirmed in the La Grand12case, where the US procedural default rule could not make believe the liability of the USA for the breach of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963.Besides, it is obvious that there is a general duty for states to bring domestic law into conformity with international obligations. As shown in the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations13case, international law rules can be translated into internal law by any method that the domestic jurisdiction of states wishes to moderate. Even a failure to bring municipal law into line with its international obligations is not in itself a direct contravention of international law and a violation occurs only when the state concerned could not fulfil its obligations on a specific occasion .14Additionally, it must(prenominal) be noted that international law cannot entirely ignore municipal law which plays a of the essence(p) role in the operation of the international legal machine.15We should not forget that domestic law may be used as evidence of international custom leading to the growth of this source. There have been occasions that were decided solely on the basis of the municipal law of a particular case.16What is more, in the case of Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia17it was underlined that domestic court decisions and legislative measures may comprise evidence of conduct by the state concerned which can essentially create international responsibility. As a result, internal law rules have numerous functions on the international plane and they should not be utterly marginalized.The attitude of English law to international lawAside from the response of the international legal apparatus to municipal rules, it is more essential to take note of the approach of the English legal system to the law of nations in our attempt to find whether they have a hidden meeting place. It is requisite that the escalating permeation of international legal rules within domestic systems influences the way English law reacts to jus gentium. The next two sections pertaining to the status of international treaties and customary law in our domestic system will help us discover if the two systems merge. National legal systems are free to select how they implement these two sources of international law and their choice of materials varies greatly.18It is worth mentioning that there is a dichotomy between the rule for treaties and that for customary law, contact the application of international law by English courts.19Treaty Law ApproachIn England, the fact that the conclusion of treaties is within the prerogative of the peak determines the way that treaty law is approached. There is no doubt that in the absence of a transformation doctrine, which le ads to the conversion of international law into municipal law by an Act of Parliament, the executive would be able to legislate without the legislature.20This doctrine is an expression of the dualist position, separating the two systems of law and requiring the reading of treaties into domestic legislation.21One of the first cases establishing that a treaty cannot adversely impact private law rights unless it has been made a part of British law by Parliament is the Parlement Belge case.22This principle was reinforced in the International Tin Council Case23where churchman Oliver handsome that a treaty is not part of English law unless and until it has been incorporated into the law by legislation.24On the other hand, Jennings criticizes the doctrine in the above judgment because it underestimates the role of international law and creates a distance between the two systems.25Although only treaties in relation to the conduct of war and cession do not require transformation, Fox poin ts out that the House of Lords in R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex. Parte Pinochet Ugarte (No. 3)26disregarded such a constitutional principle and implemented in English law unincorporated treaty obligations on the immunity of the Former manoeuvre of State.27Furthermore, the distinct reaction of the English legal system to the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter ECHR) and to screen decisions of the United Nations should be examined. Since 1974, English courts have consistently taken ECHR into account while nurseing statutes, though it was unincorporated.28Andrew Cunningham maintains that such an approach is not well justified when other unincorporated conventions and instruments are sidestepped.29Nonetheless, an obscure point that should be elucidated is that the English legal system did not abandon dualism in human rights cases as it insists that an unincorporated treaty cannot prevail over a contradicting statute.30Even after the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998 which incorporated the ECHR, the harshness of any incompatible primary legislation dexterity not be affected given the provision in section 3(1). As regards the resolutions of the credential Council, the UK has implemented the United Nations Act 1946. It is evident that even Security Council decisions are not self-executing and in the case of UN sanctions they can be only enforced as a consequence of this piece of domestic legislation with which the Crown can adopt Orders in Council.It is noteworthy that in spite of the Ponsonby rule, where signed treaties subject to ratification, acceptance, approval or accession have to be laid before Parliament at least twenty-one days before any of these actions is taken, the UK practice suggests that a validate treaty becomes effective only in international law. Apparently, the English legal system is hesitant to apply directly treaty law in its municipal law. Yet, it is at least accepted that the text of Conventio ns can be used as an aid to statutory edition. Admittedly, in the Salomon31case it was made clear that the Crown does not intend to break an international treaty and the convention might be utilised when domestic legislation is ambiguous. The above principle was strengthened when Lord Diplock in Fothergill v Monarch Airlines32encouraged the courts to use the rules for interpretation of unincorporated treaties in the VCLT. Despite this, Gardiner has observed that the judiciary in England is not eager to apply the Vienna rules systematically, indicating a reluctance to acknowledge the importance of international law in the domestic system.33 familiar International Law ApproachMoreover, we need to analyse the status of customary international law in the English legal system to find out its relationship with the law of nations. The decided cases illuminate that the attitude of our domestic system towards customary international law is in a state of flux. Initially, the dominant British approach to international custom was the doctrine of incorporation where customary rules are regarded part of the land. According to Lord Talbot in Buvot v Barbuit34the law of nations in its full extent was part of the law of England. This principle was restated cardinal years later by Lord Mansfield in Triquet v Bath.35On the contrary, nineteenth century cases appear to displace the doctrine of incorporation by that of transformation.36In fact, the case of R v Keyn37demonstrates that a customary rule can become a rule of English law only if it is translated into the latter by statute or a judicial decision. Conversely, this judgment is considered to be equivocal since it dealt primarily with the existence of a rule of international law relating to jurisdiction in the territorial sea.38Mention should be also made to Lord Atkins speech in Chung Chi Cheung v The King39where he highlighted that international law is invalid unless adopted by the English law.40However, O Keefe claims t hat Lord Atkins statement did not mean that customary international law was not part of our municipal law.41Instead, his Lordship tried to pass the message that international custom does not take precedence over English law and it is admitted in our domestic legal system where it can play a vital role.It is axiomatic that the approach of the English judiciary to customary international law is relatively unstable. Although, Lord Denning followed the dualistic-transformation doctrine in R v Secretary of State for the Home division ex parte Thakrar42, he changed his mind in Trendtex Trading Corporation Ltd v Central Bank of Nigeria43where he adopted the incorporation approach. This was because he believed that jus gentium does not recognise stare decisis and the latter doctrine would help English law to react to the frequent changes that customary international law undergoes. White feels that transformation is inflexible and the decision in Trendtex is welcome as it helps English cour ts to be more responsive to international law.44Yet, it ought to be clarified that in a case of conflict between international custom and an Act of Parliament, the statute prevails.45On balance, by bearing in mind the seminal decision in Trendtex which was followed by Maclaine Watson v segment of Trade and Industry46, OKeefe correctly deduces that dualism is the principal principle in English law which just permits customary international law a limited direct applicability.47Alternatively, in the light of recent cases he might have second thoughts for his conclusion. In particular, Lord Bingham in R v Jones48was unwilling to accept that international law is a part of our domestic legal system. As an alternative, he preferred that perspective convey by Brierly that international law is one of the sources of English law.49Despite the fact that it was acknowledged that international custom may be assimilated into domestic criminal law, the incorporation approach was not applied to th e international law crime of aggression.50Aside from this, in Al-Haq v Secretary of State for international and Commonwealth Affairs51Cranston J recognised that customary international law applied in municipal law without transposition is mismated with our dualist system.52Consequently, it is clear that the question whether international custom ought to be incorporated into domestic law is tremendously change and according to Pill LJ is not susceptible to a simple or general answer.53Obviously, there are doubts even about the restricted direct applicability of customary international law in the English legal system. With regard to the role of the English judiciary, Capps supports that it acts as a gatekeeper between the international and our domestic legal order.54Non-justiciability issue and the relation of executive and judiciaryA brief reference on the doctrine of non-justiciability will explain why the domestic legal system might be distant from the international legal order. It is inescapable that there might be questions of international law that English courts are not competent to answer. For example, in Buttes Gas and Oil Co v Hammer (No. 3)55, which concerned a feud about the territorial waters of Sharjah in the Persia Gulf, an English court did not have the judicial standards to pronounce the issues of international law. Lord Wilberforce stressed the principle of judicial restraint in adjudicating upon the acts of immaterial sovereign states.56Nevertheless, the non-justiciability rule is subject to exceptions. It is unavoidably inapplicable in instances relating to the transactions of foreign states which infringe international law. In illustration, the case of Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Company57showed that an English court could not ignore a breach of international law committed by Iraq against Kuwait as far as the violation was acknowledged.58It should not be omitted that the special nature of international law is reflected i n the practice of the British courts which will defer to the executive on certain factual issues. The courts need to seek the guidance of the Foreign perspective which produces credentialss on the determination of a number of topics such as the sovereign status of a foreign state, the recognition of governments, the commencement and termination of a state of war against another country and the incidence of diplomatical immunity.59Such certificates are conclusive when they are unambiguous as to facts based on the one division doctrine where the judiciary and the executive ought to follow the same line on matters relating to foreign affairs.60In the case of R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex parte Trawnik61it was maintained that a certificate under the State Immunity Act 1978 is not subject to judicial review unless it constitutes a nullity. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the courts may sometimes go outside the information given in the Forei gn Office certificate in their attempt to resolve the issue before them. This was proved in the case of Re Al-Fin Corporations Patent62where it was held that Foreign Office certificates are not considered as conclusive in the interpretation of statutes or the construction of documents.ConclusionIn conclusion, it is plain that there are numerous difficulties raised in this complex area of the interaction of international and municipal law. Nevertheless, the person reading the International News section in a British newspaper will realise that in spite of the preference shown to the dualist approach by the English legal system and its various differences with the international legal apparatus, the two systems trust each other and have some meeting places. As we have seen, the international legal machine takes vigilance of municipal rules and at the same time in the United Kingdom judicial notice is taken of the rules of public international law. Even though treaty and customary inter national law need to be exchanged to domestic currency, the English legal order and the law of nations are not completely distinct legal systems and indisputably influence each other. A happy relationship exists between international and domestic law but it will always experience changes.