Eurobond Essay Example for Free

Eurobond Essay Bonds, mutual funds and stocks are the most prevalent asset categories in business, thus they attract mainly the market’s attention. But other significant investment prospects must also b kept in mind by an investor like futures, options, and currencies. Even though these types of investments are quite complicated and usually aimed at experienced investors, it’s very important to understand how they work or function to enable an investor to decide if these types of investments would play a role in an investor’s overall investment plan. And for an international investor, a Eurobond might be quite an attractive investment to choose. A Eurobond is a bond distributed and exchanged internationally that is denominated in a currency that is not the currency of the market or country where it was distributed. For example, a Eurodollar bond denominated in American dollar maybe issued in other countries other than the U. S. A. like Canada by a German firm. A real-world example of this is a Eurobond launched by the World Bank denominated in Norwegian Krone and listed or distributed in European market, or in Luxembourg to be more precise (World Bank, 2001). Eurobond is a very interesting financing instrument that offers the provider the flexibility of selecting the country in which to bargain their bonds according to that country’s regulatory restrictions. It also gives the provider the free will to decide what currency their Eurobond would be denominated. For an investor, it is also a very appealing financial investment to make because it offers small par values and relatively high liquidity. This gives the investor a good rate of return or cost of capital. But there is an issue for the stakeholder in this type of bond. Since the Eurobond is not subjected to withholding tax, the stakeholder must declare in his / her income tax the revenue attained. Eurobonds are actually classified in five categories: (1) Straight Eurobonds, bonds issued at fixed price with fixed conversion; (2) Variable rate notes; (3) Subordinate issues, bonds wherein the investor’s right to payment is subordinate to the right of the issuers. (4) Assed-backed issues, bonds wherein the credit of the collateral depicts separate assets; (5) Convertibles, bonds that may be traded for shares at a fixed value. To end this discussion, some things must be kept in mind regarding Eurobonds. Eurobonds are tradable tools; its purpose is to be bought and sold for the duration of maturity. Also, Eurobonds are not subjected to taxation and mostly free from government policy and restrictions.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

In the story of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Mr. Broklehurst becomes a very controversial character that Jane encounters early in the story. Mr. Broklehurst, a rather annoying clergyman, feels that he has a specific goal. His goal, at least in his eyes, is to save the otherwise lost souls of his girls in the institution, but in reality he is trying to mold the girls to his own vision rather than God’s. For starters, he thinks that his depiction of what is good and evil is the same as God’s. He, in a sense, thinks he knows exactly what god knows. The only way that would work would be if he though he was God, right? He limits the girls appearance and he is very selective on what the girls should and should not eat for religions spiritual purposes. Mr. Brocklehurst feels that for spiritual reasons and to follow the motto of Lowood which says, Let your light shine before men that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven- (St. Matt. v. 16.) He must limit the appearance of the girls. He had Julia Severn, a girl of natural curls, cut her hair off. When Miss Temple had tried to rationalize with Mr. Brocklehurst and tell him that her hair is natural he replies and says, Naturally! Yes, but we are not to conform to nature: I wish these girls to be the children of Grace: and why that abundance? I have again and again intimated that I desire the hair to be arranged closely, modestly, plainly. Miss Temple, that girl’s hair must be cut off entirely; I will send a barber to-morrow: and I see others who have far too much of the excrescence- that tall girl, tell her to turn round. Tell all the first form to rise up and direct their faces to the wall. (pg. 55) This quote leads me to think who are the girls suppose to follow the motto of, God’s or his? And in all honesty, I don’t feel that God would think a person impure if they had curly red hair. Especially considering the fact that it is natural, meaning from God. He is very picky of what they should eat. I really don’t believe that god would condemn you if you had an extra piece of bread but there again you have Mr.

Different Issues About Sex Education Education Essay

IntroductionSexual activity instruction is perchance one of the most talked-about subjects presents, particularly among concerned citizens and the authorities. Sexual activity is a natural thing for all of us and it is merely right for the research workers every bit good as the readers to cognize and larn more about it. But the inquiry is, is it right for sex instruction to be taught in primary schools? This research paper tackles the different issues about sex instruction. It contains the pros and cons of learning sex instruction in primary schools. Opinions from different sides such as instructors in primary and secondary schools are considered. With such divisions, the reader can come close their ain comprehension of the subject and therefore lend ways to help the primary pupils sing this affair. In this research paper, the research workers would wish to demo the readers the importance of instructors ‘ perceptual experience on learning sex instruction in primary schools. The research workers are convinced that this paper will be of great value to pupils and instructors.Conceptual ModelSexual activity EducationTeachersSecondaryPrimaryPerceptStatement of the ProblemThe survey aimed to happen out the instructors ‘ position on learning sex instruction in primary schools. What is the general profile of the respondents in footings of: Age Civil Status Gender Capable instruction What are the instructors ‘ positions of learning sex instruction in primary schools? What are the issues/concerns of instructors in the instruction of sex instruction primary schools? Is there a important difference on how the instructors view the instruction of sex instruction when compared by primary and secondary schools?HypothesisThere is no important difference between the positions of the instructors from primary and secondary schools.Premises of the StudyThe research workers assume that the questionnaires distributed to the respondents are answered candidly and truthfully, and that all informations that will be gathered is dependable to the survey. The research workers besides assume that the personal values may impact the respondent ‘s reaction to the inquiries given and personal experiences may act upon the response to the inquiry.Research LocaleThe survey will be conducted in Southville International School and Colleges located at 1281 Tropical Ave. cor. Luxembourg St. , BF International, Las Pinas City, Philippines. The school will be the focal point of the survey because it is more convenient to the research workers, it has a large population and it is suited for the survey.Significance of the surveyParents: They will be guided on doing the determination of allowing their kids analyze sex instruction in the school where their kids are analyzing. Students: They will hold an thought about what they can acquire from larning sex instruction. They will be cognizant that the really bosom of this issue is for their hereafter.Scope and Restrictions:The research focused on the perceptual experiences of the instructors towards learning sex instruction in primary schools. The respondents are the instructors in primary and secondary degree of school twelvemonth 2010-2011, from Southville International School and Colleges.Definition of FootingsCurricula- are the classs offered by an educational establishment. It is besides a set of classs representing an country of specialisation. Mandatory- can besides be mandatory the instruction of sex instruction is obligatory. Optional- the instruction of sex instruction for immature people is non mandatory. Perception- is a consequence of perceiving, observation, a mental image, or construct. Primary school- includes classs one to six. Secondary school- a school normally including old ages 7 to 10. Sexuality- is an look of sexual receptiveness or involvement particularly when inordinate. Sexual activity wise- it is a 12 portion series which discussed sex instruction, household life instruction, contraceptive method, household life instruction, contraceptive method and parenting. Sexual activity Education- is an instruction about human sexual anatomy, reproduction, and intercourse and other human sexual behavior. Young people- are besides referred to as adolescents or kids ages between to 10 to 12.Review of Related LiteratureSexual activity EducationIt is sometimes called gender instruction or sex and relationships instruction, is the procedure of geting information and forming attitudes and beliefs about sex, sexual individuality, relationships and familiarity. Sexual activity instruction is besides about developing immature people ‘s accomplishments so that they make informed picks about their behaviour, and experience confident and competent about moving on these picks. It is widely accepted that immature people have a right to arouse instruction. This is because it is a agency by which they are helped to protect themselves against maltreatment, development, unintended gestations, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and AIDS. It is besides argued that supplying sex instruction helps to run into immature people ‘s rights to information about affairs that affect them, their rig ht to hold their demands met and to assist them bask their gender and the relationships that they form. It aims to cut down the hazards of potentially negative results from sexual behaviour, such as unwanted or unplanned gestations and infection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. It besides aims to lend to immature people ‘s positive experience of their gender by heightening the quality of their relationships and their ability to do informed determinations over their life-time. Sexual activity instruction that works, by which we mean that it is effectual is sex instruction that contributes to both these purposes therefore assisting immature people to be safe and bask their gender. ( http: //www.avert.org/sex-education.htm, 2010 )BeliefsYoung people can be exposed to a broad scope of attitudes and beliefs in relation to sex and gender. These sometimes appear contradictory and confusing. For illustration, some wellness messages emphasize the hazards and dangers associated with sexual activity and some media coverage promotes the thought that being sexually active mak es a individual more attractive and mature. Because sex and gender are sensitive topics, immature people and sex pedagogues can hold strong positions on what attitudes people should keep, and what moral model should regulate people ‘s behavior – these excessively can sometimes look to be at odds. Young people are really interested in the moral and cultural models that bind sex and gender. They frequently welcome chances to speak about issues where people have strong positions, like abortion, sex before matrimony, sapphic and cheery issues and contraceptive method and birth control. It is of import to retrieve that speaking in a balanced manner about differences in sentiment does non advance one set of positions over another, or intend that one agrees with a peculiar position. Part of researching and understanding cultural, spiritual and moral positions is happening out that you can hold to differ. Effective sex instruction besides provides immature people with an chance to research the grounds why people have sex, and to believe about how it involves emotions, regard for one ego and other people and their feelings, determinations and organic structures. Young people should hold the opportunity to research gender differences and how ethnicity and gender can act upon people ‘s feelings and options. They should be able to make up one's mind for themselves what the positive qualities of relationships are. It is of import that they understand how intimidation, pigeonholing, maltreatment and development can negatively act upon relationships. . ( As besides stated at the web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/sex-education.htm, 2010 )Sexual activity instruction worldwideAfricaSexual activity instruction in Africa has focused on stemming the turning AIDS epidemic. Most authoritiess in the part have established AIDS instruction plans in partnership with the World Health Organization and international NGOs. These plans were undercut significantly by the Global Gag Rule, an enterprise put in topographic point by President Reagan, suspended by President Clinton, and re-instated by President Bush. The Global Gag Rule â€Å" †¦ required nongovernmental organisations to hold as a status of their reception of Federal financess that such organisations would neither execute nor actively promote abortion as a method of household planning in other states. † The Global Gag Rule was once more suspended as one of the first official Acts of the Apostless by United States President Barack Obama. The incidences of new HIV transmittals in Uganda decreased dramatically when Clinton supported a comprehensive sex instruction attack ( including information about contraceptive method and abortion ) . Harmonizing to Ugandan AIDS militants, the Global Gag Rule undermined community attempts to cut down HIV prevalence and HIV transmittal.EuropeSuomiIn Fila nd, sexual instruction is normally incorporated into assorted obligatory classs, chiefly as portion of biological science lessons ( in lower classs ) and subsequently in a class related to general wellness issues. The Population and Family Welfare Federation provide all 15-year-olds an introductory sexual bundle that includes an information booklet, a rubber and a sketch love narrative.England and WalesIn England and Wales, sex instruction is non mandatory in schools as parents can decline to allow their kids take portion in the lessons. The course of study focuses on the generative system, foetal development, and the physical and emotional alterations of adolescence, while information about contraceptive method and safe sex is discretional and treatment about relationships is frequently neglected. Britain has one of the highest adolescent gestation rates in Europe and sex instruction is a het issue in authorities and media studies. In a 2000 survey by the University of Brighton, ma ny 14 to 15 twelvemonth olds reported letdown with the content of sex instruction lessons and felt that deficiency of confidentiality prevents adolescents from inquiring instructors about contraceptive method.FranceIn France, sex instruction has been portion of school course of study since 1973. Schools are expected to supply 30 to 40 hours of sex instruction, and base on balls out rubbers, to pupils in classs eight and nine. In January 2000, the Gallic authorities launched an information run on contraceptive method with Television and wireless musca volitanss and the distribution of five million cusps on contraceptive method to high school pupils.GermanyIn Germany, sex instruction has been portion of school course of study since 1970. Since 1992 sex instruction is by jurisprudence a governmental responsibility. It usually covers all topics refering the growing-up procedure, organic structure alterations during pubescence, emotions, the biological procedure of reproduction, sexual activity, partnership, homosexualism, unwanted gestations and the complications of abortion, the dangers of sexual force, kid maltreatment, and sex-transmitted diseases, but sometimes besides things like sex places. Most schools offer classs on the right use of contraceptive method. A sex study by the World Health Organization refering the wonts of European adolescents in 2006 revealed that German adolescents care about contraceptive method. The birth rate among 15- to 19-year-olds was really low – merely 11.7 per 1000 population, compared to the UK ‘s 27.8 births per 1,000 population, and-in first place-Bulgaria ‘s 39.0 births per 1,000.PolandIn the Western point of position, sex instruction in Poland has ne'er really developed. At the clip of the People ‘s Republic of Poland, since 1973, it was one of the school topics ; nevertheless, it was comparatively hapless and did non accomplish any existent success. After 1989, it practically vanished from the school life – it is presently an sole topic ( called wychowanie do A?ycia w rodzinie/family life instruction instead than edukacja seksualna/sex instruction ) in several schools their parents must give consent to the schoolmasters so their kids may go to. It has much due to the str ong expostulation against sex instruction of the Catholic Church ; the most influential establishment in Poland. It has, nevertheless, been changed and since September 2009 sex instruction will go an obligatory topic in the figure of 14 per school twelvemonth – unless parents do non desire their kids to be taught. Objecting parents will hold to compose particular dissensions.North AmericaUnited StatesAbout all U.S. pupils receive some signifier of sex instruction at least one time between classs 7 and 12 ; many schools begin turn toing some subjects every bit early as classs 5 or 6. However, what pupils learn varies widely, because course of study determinations are so decentralised. Many provinces have Torahs regulating what is taught in sex instruction categories or leting parents to choose out. Some province Torahs leave course of study determinations to single school territories. Two chief signifiers of sex instruction are taught in American schools: comprehensive and abstinence-only. Comprehensive sex instruction covers abstinence as a positive pick, but besides teaches about contraceptive method and turning away of STIs when sexually active. A 2002 survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that 58 % of secondary school principals describe their sex instruction course of study as comprehensive. Abstinence-only sex instruction tells adolescents that they should be sexually abstentious until matrimony and does non supply information about contraceptive method. In the Kaiser survey, 34 % of high-school principals said their school ‘s chief message was abstinence-only. The difference between these two attacks, and their impact on adolescent behaviour, remains a controversial topic. In the U.S. , teenage birth rates had been dropping since 1991, but a 2007 study showed a 3 % addition from 2005 to 2006. From 1991 to 2005, the per centum of teens describing that they had of all time had sex or were presently sexually active showed little diminutions. However, the U.S. still has the highest adolescent birth rate and one of the highest rates of STIs among teens in the industrialised universe. Public sentiment polls conducted over the old ages have found that the huge bulk of Americans favour broader sex instruction plans over those that teach merely abstinence, although abstention pedagogues late published canvass informations with the opposite decision. On the other manus, advocates of abstinence-only sex instruction object to curricula that fail to learn their criterion of moral behaviour ; they maintain that a morality based on sex merely within the bounds of matrimony is â€Å" healthy and constructive † and that value-free cognition of the organic structure may take to immoral, unhealthy, and harmful patterns. Within the last decennary, the federal authorities has encouraged abstinence-only instruction by maneuvering over a billion dollars to such plans. Some 25 provinces now decline the support so that they can go on to learn comprehensive sex instruction. Funding for one of the federal authorities ‘s two chief abstinency-only support plans, Title V, was extended merely until December 31, 2007 ; Congress is debating whether to go on it past that day of the month. The impact of the rise in abstinence-only instruction remains a inquiry. To day of the month, no published surveies of abstinence-only plans have found consistent and important plan effects on detaining the oncoming of intercourse. In 2007, a survey ordered by the U.S. Congress found that in-between school pupils who took portion in abstinence-only sex instruction plans were merely every bit likely to hold sex ( and utilize contraceptive method ) in their teenage old ages as those who did non. Abstinence-only advocators claimed that the survey was flawed because it was excessively narrow and began when abstinence-only course of study were in their babyhood, and that other surveies have demonstrated positive effects. Harmonizing to a 2007 study, Teen pregnancies in the United States showed 3 % addition in the adolescent birth rate from 2005 to 2006, to about 42 births per 1,000.VirginiaVirginia uses the sex instruction plan called, The National Campaign to forestall adolescent and unplanned gestation. The National Campaign was created in 1996. The plan focuses on forestalling adolescent and unplanned gestations of immature grownups. The National run set a end to cut down adolescent gestation rate by 1/3 in 10 old ages. The Virginia Department of Health ranked Virginia 19th in adolescent gestation birth rates in 1996. Virginia was besides rated 35.2 adolescent births per 1000 misss aged 15-19 in 2006. The Healthy people 2010 end is a adolescent gestation rate at or below 43 gestations per 1000 females age 15-17.AsiaThe province of sex instruction plans in Asia is at assorted phases of development. Indonesia, Mongolia, South Korea have a systematic policy model for learning about sex within schools . Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have assessed adolescent generative wellness demands with a position to developing adolescent-specific preparation, messages and stuffs. India has plans aimed at kids aged nine to sixteen old ages. In India, there is a immense argument on the course of study of sex instruction and whether it should be increased. Attempts by province authoritiess to present sex instruction as a mandatory portion of the course of study have frequently been met with rough unfavorable judgment by political parties, who claim that sex instruction â€Å" is against Indian civilization † and would misdirect kids. ( Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan have no coordinated sex instruction plans. ) In Japan, sex instruction is compulsory from age 10 or 11, chiefly covering biological subjects such as menses and interjection. In China and Sri Lanka, sex instruction traditionally consists of reading the reproduction subdivision of biological science text editions. In Sri Lanka they teach the kids when they are 17-18 old ages. However, in 2000 a new five-year undertaking was introduced by the China Family Planning Association to â€Å" advance generative wellness instruction among Chinese adolescents and single young person † in 12 urban territories and three counties. This included treatment about sex within human relationships every bit good as gestation and HIV bar. The International Planned Parenthood Federation and the BBC World Service ran a 12-part series known as Sexwise, which discussed sex instruction, household life instruction, contraceptive method and parenting. It was foremost launched in South Asia and so extended worldwide.Acrimonious Argument over Sexual activity Education in the PhilippinesThe educational faculty â€Å" Adolescent Sexual Health, † though non yet released to all high schools in the Philippines, has already drawn heavy unfavorable judgment from the Roman Catholic Church, pro-life militants, and some parents. â€Å" The manner it is being taught deficiencies the fear, the polish that the capable affair demands, † said Jo Imbong, legal officer of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. Deciding when to learn kids about sex should be left to their parents, he said. But Professor Corazon Raymundo, manager of the University of the Philippines ‘ Population Institute ( UPPI ) , said sex instruction in schools is necessary because it is non in the state ‘s civilization for parents to discourse sex with their kids. The instruction section, which presented the faculty as a response to the state ‘s flourishing population growing, emphasized it is non a sex manual but instead a instruction usher covering with household planning, generative wellness, and the dangers of early and pre-marital sex. Harmonizing to a UPPI study, 23 per centum of Filipinos ages 15-24 engaged in pre-marital sex in 2002, up from 18 per centum in 1994. The prevalence of bad sexual behaviours among striplings rose from 20 per centum in 1994 to 27 per centum in 2002. Further, this age group now accounts for 17 per centum of all induced abortions in the state. â€Å" It ‘s high clip that the ignorance of striplings be addressed in a manner that will let them to do an informed pick, † said Solita Monsod, former economic planning secretary. Now, nevertheless, instruction functionaries have responded to the unfavorable judgment by retreating the faculty â€Å" for farther communications among stakeholders. † Before it is returned to schools, some subdivisions will be revised, said Lolita Andrada, the faculty ‘s editor and the manager of the Bureau of Secondary Education. In peculiar, the subdivision on safe sex, which some viewed as a publicity of promiscuousness, will be rewritten, Andrada said. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thebody.com/content/news/art23803.html, 2010 )Dep.Ed. sued over sex instruction programMANILA, Philippines ( UPDATE ) – The former legal officer of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines on Monday sued the Department of Education for integrating sex instruction in the course of study of simple and high school pupils. In an interview, attorney Jo Aurea Imbong said she filed the instance in behalf of 30 concerned parents who opposed the sex instruction program. She described the sex instruction plan as a signifier of â€Å" prophylactic imperialism † that assaults moral esthesias and values of immature people and really encourages sexual promiscuousness. â€Å" We have examined the faculties being used by DepEd and found that it promotes household planning, generative wellness and demographic development in topics such as Mathematicss, Science and English. It is specifically designed to transform the attitudes, behaviour and societal norms of immature people based on a foreign theoretical account, † she told abs-cbnNEWS.com. Imbong said the category suit aims to halt DepEd from implementing Memorandum No. 26, which integrates sex instruction in the course of study for private and public schools. She said the plan changes the attitudes and values of kids particularly in Christian households. Imbong said sex instruction was already being implemented in the basic instruction course of study 12 old ages ago, and the new DepEd memo merely updates the faculties. She said following the sex instruction program will fast-track moral decay among immature people who are exposed to sex at an early age. â€Å" While wonder is normal for immature people, it is still the primary duty of the parents and households to inform their kids about sex, † she said. She besides noted that the sex instruction plan is having funding from the United Nations Fund for Population Activities ( UNFPA ) . In response, Education Secretary Mona Valisno said the sex instruction plan is still being pilot-tested and that the treatments will concentrate on the scientific discipline of reproduction, physical attention and hygiene, right values and the norms of interpersonal dealingss to avoid prenuptial sex and adolescent gestation. She said the Deped consulted different sectors about the plan including the CBCP and the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas. She said parents who were consulted about the plan were really happy with it particularly since it provides relevant information to kids. She besides questioned why a tribunal instance was filed particularly since the plan does non belie the authorization of DepEd to protect kids ‘s rights to quality instruction. â€Å" Our course of study does n't speak about rubbers and such. It ‘s merely exposure to the kids to the right information in order for them to do the right determination†¦ Kung hindi natin kailangan, so the new secretary of instruction can alter it, † she told ANC. She said the sex instruction program seeks to conflict the high per centum of indefensible gestations in the state, which is one of the 10 highest in the universe, and prevent dropouts as a consequence of teenage gestations. She said the subjects integrated into the faculties will be scientific and enlightening and are non designed to tickle lubricious involvement. In Science, sex instruction subjects will cover the generative system, parts of the organic structure, generative rhythm, and pubescence. Under Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan ( EPP ) , proper behaviour among and between equals of different genders will be discussed. In Health categories under MAPEH ( Music, Arts, PE and Health ) , personal hygiene and generative wellness will be portion of the lessons. In Heograpiya, Kasaysayan, at Sibika ( HEKASI ) classes, treatment will include the place of faith on prenuptial sex and the norms when people of opposite sex interact.A In Math categories, informations on issues like prenuptial sex, adolescent gestation, and sexually transmitted infections will be used in analyzing mathematical analysis and statistics. ( Dizon, 2010 )

Cubesats Miniature Space Explorers

CubeSats are tiny satellites built for specific purposes such as space imaging or technological testing. These nanosatellites are much smaller than conventional weather and communication satellites and are relatively easy to build and launch using off-the-shelf components. That ease of building and their inexpensive cost make for easy, cheap space access for students, small companies, and other institutions. How CubeSats Work NASA developed  CubeSats  as part of a program to use nanosatellites for small research projects that could be planned and built by students, faculty, and small organizations not normally able to purchase launch time. Theyre primarily used by universities  and smaller research institutes and companies. CubeSats are small and easy to launch. Theyre built to fit standard dimensions for easy integration into a launch vehicle. The smallest is 10 x 10 x 11 centimeters (referred to as 1U) and can be scaled up to be 6U in size.  CubeSats  typically weigh less than 3 pounds (1.33 kilograms) per unit. The largest ones, the 6U satellites, are around 26.5 pounds (12 to 14 kilograms). The mass of each  CubeSat  depends on the instruments it holds and the launch method needed. CubeSats are expected to maneuver on their own during their missions and carry their own miniaturized instruments and computers. They communicate their data back to Earth, to be picked up  by NASA and other ground stations. They use solar cells for power, with onboard battery storage. The cost for CubeSats is relatively small, with construction costs starting around $40,000-$50,000. Launch costs are dipping below $100,000 per sat, particularly when a number of them can be sent to space on a single launch platform. In recent years, some launches have lofted dozens of CubeSats to space at a single go. Students Build Mini-Satellites   In December of 2013, students at Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Alexandria, Virginia, built the first-ever small satellite of its kind using parts of a smartphone. Their little satellite, called a PhoneSat, was first conceived by NASA as a way to test nanosatellites equipped with smartphone technology.   Since that time, numerous other CubeSats have flown. Many have been designed and built by college students and small institutions interested in gaining access to space for educational and science activities. Theyve been an excellent way for students to learn to build and manage science projects, and for universities and others to participate in experiments in space with small-scale explorers. In all cases, the development groups work with NASA to plan their missions, and then apply for launch time, just as any other client would. Each year, NASA announces CubeSat opportunities for a variety of technical and scientific projects. Since 2003, hundreds of these mini-satellites have been launched, providing science data for everything from amateur radio and telecommunications to Earth science, planetary sciences, atmospheric science and climate change, biology, and technology testing. Many more CubeSat projects are in development, covering investigations in reconnaissance, biology, continued atmospheric studies, and testing materials for use in future spacecraft. The Future of CubeSats CubeSats have been launched by the Russian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and NASA, among others. Theyve also been deployed from the International Space Station. Along with imaging and other technology demonstrations, CubeSats have deployed solar sail technology, x-ray astronomy instruments, and other payloads. On February 15, 2017, the ISRO made history when it deployed 104 nanosatellites aboard a single rocket. Those experiments represented the work of students and scientists from the US, Israel, Kazakhstan, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and Switzerland. The CubeSat program is a simple and cost-effective way to reach space. Future nanosatellites in the series will focus on measurements of Earths atmosphere, continue student access to space, and in a first — with the MarCO CubeSats — will deploy two of these mini-satellites at Mars with the InSight Mission. Along with NASA, the European Space Agency continues to invite students to submit CubeSat plans for possible launch in the future, training even more young women and men to become future spacecraft engineers!