'“Bonum Ex” Principle Essay\r'

'The principle â€Å"bonum ex integra causa, malum ex quocumque defectu” means â€Å"an moldion is levelheaded when it is good in every respect; it is violate when it is legal injury in every respect.”\r\nThis means that in rove that an action may posses in an essential point †no action is absolutely perfect †its object lesson perfection, it must be in conformity with the constabulary in three respects.\r\nFirst, the action, considered under the character by which it ranks as an segment of conduct, must be good. The mortalal act of giving another person cash may be either an act of justice, when peerless pays a debt, or it may be an act of mercy or benevolence, as it is if one consider the money to relieve distress. Both, of these actions possess the primal element of goodness (bonum ex objecto).\r\nThe motivating, if there is a motive beyond the immediate object of the act, must in addition be good. If one pays a piece close to money that o ne owes him with the purpose, indeed, of paying one’s debts, alone also with the ulterior purpose of modify him to carry out a plot to mangle one s enemy, the end is bad, and the action is thereby corrupted. The end which is the motive must also be good (bonum ex fine). Thus, an action, otherwise good, is spoiled if tell to an im righteous end; conversely, however, an action which in its fundamental character is bad is not rendered good by directing it to a good end. The end does not justify the means.\r\nThe circumstances under which the action is performed should be in entire conformity with reason, otherwise it lacks something of honorable completeness, though it may not be thereby rendered totally immoral. We frequently say that something which a person has done was right enough in itself, barely he did not do it in the straightlaced institutionalize or season.\r\nHedonism\r\nThe supreme good of man according to Aristippus is delight or the enjoyment of the momen t, and merriment is basically gentle motion. Pleasure can neer be bad, and the primary form of it is bodily pleasure. But, in order to secure the maximum of pleasure, prudent methodration is necessary; and this is integrity. Epicurus held that pleasure is the chief good; just now pleasure is rest, not motion; and the highest form of pleasure is freedom from pain and the absence of all desires or needs that we cannot satisfy. Hence an important means towards rapture is the control of our desires, and the extinction of those that we cannot gratify, which is brought about by virtue\r\nUtilitariansism\r\nUtilitarianism is a modern form of the Hedonistic honorable theory which teaches that the end of sympathetic conduct is happiness, and that wherefore the discriminating norm which distinguishes conduct into right and wrong is pleasure and pain.\r\nMoral favourableness\r\nPositivism asserts that spirit experiences are the only object of human association, barely does not pr ove its assertion. It is true that all our knowledge has its starting point in sense experience, but it is not proved that knowledge stops there. Positivism fails to demonstrate that, above particular facts and contingent relations, there are not abstract notions, habitual laws, oecumenic and necessary principles, or that we cannot know them.\r\nMoral freethinking\r\nRationalism is used to designate any mode of thought in which human reason holds the place of supreme criterion of the true; in this sense, it is especially applied to such modes of thought as contrasted with faith. In other words, man’s ultimate truth is what our reason dictates.\r\nCommunism\r\nIn its more general signification communism refers to any social outline in which all property, or at to the lowest degree all productive property, is owned by the group, or community, instead of by individuals. Thus understood it comprises communist anarchism, socialism, and communism in the strict sense. The compl ete par sought by communism is a intended but mistaken interpretation of the great moral truths, that, as persons and in the sight of God, all human beings are equal; and that all have essentially the same needs and the same ultimate destiny.\r\n'