The Relationship Between Host Community And Guest Tourism Essay

The Relationship Between soldiers participation And Guest touristry Essay2.0 IntroductionTourism is a crossway that relies totally upon simultaneous production and consumption. The implication of this for the destinations army partnership is that it will come into contact with an alien population during the production process. This contact lot be beneficial or detrimental to the phalanx corporation depending upon the difference in cultures and the nature of the contact.Tourism can develop and grow when host alliance has a positive attitude toward it and when they see their role in the process of the tourism victimization. At the point when a tourism destination is born, the quality if the life of the local anesthetic hosts goes through radical changes, which ar non necessarily controvert. Literature suggests that tourism phylogenesis has created both positive and negative impacts on communities. As a consequence, club nonmigratorys hold different attitudes towards to urism instruction. Residents who do not support the development of tourism come been identified in almost all segmentation studies concerning attitudes towards tourism, to wit Haters (Davis et al. 1988 Madrigal 1995), Cynics (Williams and Lawson 2001) or Somewhat Irritated (Ryan and Montgomery 1994). Host communities do see new business opportunities in tourism and be motivated to seek them. At the same time, they know that some negative physical, ethnic, mixer and economic impacts will emerge. The most complex problems that accompany tourism development, reside in the birth between local host and tourist. Furthermore , there are limits of tourism growth that are closely associated with the place capacity and with the quality of life in the local community of interests.The most complex problems that accompany tourism development, reside in the race between tourists and local host. Furthermore, there are limits of tourism growth that are closely associated with the place capa city and with the quality of life in the local community. When these limits are exceeded, local residents develop negative attitudes towards tourism. When negative attitudes become beliefs, tourism development obstacles appear. The beliefs of the local hosts become the most reliable indicator of the limits to the growth of tourism.2.1 Tourism DevelopmentTourism development is an expression that encompasses not only destinations, origins, motivations and impacts, but as well as the complex linkage that exist between all the people and institutions of that interconnecting, global supply and demand system ( Pearce, 1989).It has been widely recognized that tourism development is a double-edged sword for host communities. Not only does it generate benefits, but it also imposes costs (Jafari, 2001). By evaluating these benefits and costs, host community develop their perception toward tourism. Tourism is an industry which uses the host community as a resource, sells it as a product , and in the process affects the lives of everyone ( Murphy,1981). In general, tourism development within a host community often impacts the community both in negative and positive ways. These Impacts go through been well documented and are usually classified as socio-cultural impacts, environmental impacts and economic impacts ( Allen et al., 1988 Ap, Farrell et al., 2001 Liu and Sheldon, 1987 Liu and Var, 1986 Nepal,2008 Pappas, 2008 Van Winkle and Mackay,2008). Residents attitudes will be positive if they can use tourism resources such as recreational facilities or if they savvy that tourism development will protect or stay on the environment ( Lankford et al, 2003). Conversely attitudes towards tourism were found to be negative if residents perceived the impacts as negative, or if the resources within a host community diminish as a result of tourist activity ( Lankford et al.,2003 Perdue et al., 1990). Tourism development initiatives usually center round the economic benefits der ived from tourism. This typically includes job creation, taxes and different indirect income.2.2 Tourism PlanningBased on the World Tourism Organisations Hainan Declaration in December 2000, it is storied that one of the reasons for the failure of tourism planning in the past can be attributed to the lack of consultation with the local residents (Yahya et al. 2005 fit to Williams and Lawson (2001) and Gursoy et al. (2002), research on residents reactions to tourism can help tourism planners understand why residents support or oppose tourism. Such information can help planners select those developments that can minify the negative impacts and maximize support for tourism development amongst certain members of the local population. It has now become widely recognized that planners and entrepreneurs must employ the views of the host community into account if the industry wants to pursue the goal of sustainable development (Allen et al. 1988 Ap and Crompton 1993). Success of a regio nal tourism development plan depends on the self-made employment of the community (Inbakaran and Jackson 2006 64).Difference between success and failure could be location or temporally based so this research aims to set the foundation for chronic studies and inform local policy makers, planners and managers. This is particularly relevant in light of recent changes to local government structures in the region. Moreover, the successful development of a tourism industry requires effective planning that both recognises tourists demands and emphasizes the values of the local host community (Lankford, 1994).2.3 Host communityAccording to Sherlock (1999), it is difficult to define the enclosure community precisely nevertheless, the word can be used to refer to a group of people who exist in one particular location. Aramberri (2001) suggests that host societies are in fact communities, made of one piece. For Williams and Lawson (2001) community is defined as a group of people who share c ommon goals or opinions. Host Community is particular is defined by Mathieson and Wall (1982) as the Inhabitants of the destination area. Similarly, Swarbrooke (1999) defines it as all those who live within a tourist destination. According to Gursoy et al.(2002) and Williams and Lawson (2001), the community consists of different groups of people who live in the same geographical area, which does not mean they necessarily belong to the same community. In the light of the previous definition, it can be concluded that a host community consists of all those people in the destination, whether they are homogeneous or heterogeneous and regardless of whether the impacts of tourism are beneficial or otherwise.Tourism is an industry which uses the host community as a resource to sell it as a product, and in the process affects the lives of everyone (Murphy, 1980). The community as a product of amalgam of the destinations resources. As such the tourism industry is dependent on the host communi tys hospitality, and therefore it should be developed gibe to the communitys needs to desires. Before host communities begin development of tourism resources, it is imperative to gain an understanding of hosts opinions regarding development. Tourism development in a community is not simply a matter of matching product supply with tourist demand, local acceptability must also be considered ( Menning, 1995). Moreover, it is the host community to who has a voice in concluding which tourism impacts are acceptable and which impacts are problems.However, the host is community is often the last to be notified of tourism development (Thyne and Lawson,2001) and sort of often they are not given a chance or encouraged to give their opinioin on tourism issues.2.4 Relationship Between Host Community and GuestA good relationship between local hosts and tourist is essential for the long term development of tourism destination. ( Ap and Crompton, 1998). The relationship between host community and tourists is mainly affected by the socio-cultural impacts that are caused due to tourism development (Smith, 1995). The variation in the relationship between hosts and tourists depends on the level to which the benefits of tourism are perceived to exceed costs ( Faulkner and Tideswell 1997). In other words, this mean that if the tourism industry brings in benefit rather than cost to the host community, the relationship between both parties would be much more stronger. Smith (1989) conclude that contacts between tourist and host community if different cultural background take the form of direct face to face encounters between tourists and host of different cultural groups. The interaction between hosts and international guests raises another issue linked to cultural tolerance. As argued by Bochner (1982), the mutual understanding between cultures can create an opportunity for acquaintance leading towards enhanced understanding and tolerance and, consequently, reduce prejudice, diff erence and tension between hosts and tourists.This type of contact is experienced by tourists when they travel from home culture to a host culture by hosts when they serve tourists from a foreign culture. That is, both tourist and the host community participate in exploring each others culture. Tourist exploring the host culture by learning and exploring it and on the other gift the host community is interacting with tourists, who are of foreign cultures.2.5 Host community perception towards tourism developmentResearch has been conducted for the convenience of tourists, while local community perceptions and attitudes towards the industry have been given less of a priority (Murphy 1985). Butler (1980) claimed that there is a correlation between the development of tourism and the attitude of the domestic people towards the tourists. The domestic people show a very positive attitude towards the increasing number of tourists in the region at the beginning because they have high expect ations from the tourist in long term basis. However this positive attitude is gradually replaced by the negative attitude as the time passes. local residents perceptions are strongly influenced by the benefits and costs of tourism development. Those who received benefit from tourism stated that they are dependent on tourism, but the case was turnabout for those who received nothingFor instance, destination communities have been inconvenienced by congestion and some other negative impacts brought by tourism (Brunt and Courtney 1999). Any impacts from tourism causing excitation or anger in the host community may lead to problems for the long-term development of the industry. Therefore, Murphy (1985 133) argued if tourism is to merit its pseudonym of being the hospitality industry, it must look beyond its own doors and employees to consider the social and cultural impacts it is having on the host community at large. Studying host community attitudes and the antecedents of resident r eaction can help both residents and planners (Williams and Lawson 2001).Williams and Lawson argued that it was possible to select those developments that can minimize negative impacts and maximize support for the industry. By doing so, on one hand the quality of life of residents can be maintained or enhanced and, on the other hand, the negative impacts of tourism in the community will be reduced.2.6 Tourism ImpactsResearchers in the early years of the twentyfirst century list an impressive range of both positive and negative impacts on the host community as a result of tourism development (Fredline and Faulkner, 2000 Upchurch and Teivane, 2000 Gursoy et al., 2002 Besculideset al., 2002) The study of impacts from tourism on local communities takes in a range of literature that includes both the positive and negative effects of hosting tourists to a community. Andereck and Vogt (2000) point out that residents of a tourist community differ with respect to the impacts resulting from to urism development. However, researchers agree that a necessary condition of successful tourism development strategy is the inclusion of residents of the entire community if tourism investment is to yield substantial returns (Allen et al., 1988, 1993 Jurowski Uysal, 1997 Long et al ., 1990 Snepenger Johnson, 1991).2.6.1 Socio-cultural ImpactsTourism is a socio-cultural shell for both the guest and host (Murphy, 1985) and the contact between host and tourists can be beneficial or detrimental to the host community depending upon the difference in cultures and the nature of the contact .Tourism development also affects the social, cultural and environmental aspects within a destination. Socio-cultural impacts are concerned with the ways in which tourism is contributing to changes in value systems, individual behaviour, family relationships, collective lifestyles, moral conduct, creative expressions, traditional ceremonies and community organization (Pizam Milman, 1984, cited in Hara lambopoulos Pizam, 1996, p.503).Host community has always been viewed as victims having to accept the social and cultural changes that are brought by tourism development (Sharpley and Telfer, 2002), while guest who imposes their own values on the host communities are viewed as the villain.Socio-cultural aspects within a destination may be positively affected through increased tourism Research (Ap Crompton, 1998 Easterling, 2004) suggests that tourism brings an increased understanding of other cultures, and strengthens the cultural individualism of the host destination and increases community pride.Furthermore, tourism development increases and promotes cultural exchange between tourists and residents. Tourism can also be a force to preserve and revitalize the cultural identity and traditional practices of host communities and act as a source of income to protect heritage sites (Easterling, 2004). Tourism on the socio-cultural aspects can add together to the revitalisation of art s, crafts and local culture and to the realization of cultural identity and heritage. In order to attract more tourists, architectural and historical sites are restored and protected (Inskeep, 1991).According to a study by Isik (2005) in Denmark, it was common that local people are not happy because tourism narrowed their alternatives of life, they do not have jobs, for children and the youth there are no activities for fun, no cinemas and entertainment. Life is too monotonous. Many years ago, citizens were very happy there was a perfect familiarity between the neighbors but now they do not even greet each other. However, the same study was carried out in Gzelaml in misfire reveals that hosts are very happy with tourists and every summer they organize festivals to get more touristsFrom a cultural perspective, tourism development and the appearance of tourists could cause a series of changes in host communities, such as increased price and identity, cohesion, exchange of ideas and increased knowledge about cultures ( Stein Anderson 1999). In other word, consequence that the host community will gain in about the tourist culture, helping them to expand their knowledge. Other changes included assimilation, conflict and xenophobia as well as artificial reconstructio (Besculides, Lee McCormick 2002). Relevant literature acknowledged that perception of host community on such impacts ambivalent that is they have a feeling of both hate and love towards changes occurring with the tourism development. To others, the cultural changes caused by tourism threatens to destroy traditional cultures and societies (Brunt Courtney 199, p 495) and to others it represented an opportunity for peace, understanding and greater knowledge ( Brunt Courtney 1999, p.495).With an involution in the international tourism, the contact between guest and host would increased automatically. Such an increase would deepen the cultural impacts of tourism on host communities. In an extreme si tuation, the host communities could become culturally dependent on the tourism generating country ( Sharpley 1994).2.7 Factors Influencing Host community perception towards tourism developmentTourism development does not only generate benefits, but it also imposes costs ( Jafari, 2001). By evaluating these benefits and costs, host community develop their perception toward tourism development. However, previous research indicates that the development of locals hosts attitudes toward tourism is not determined by those perceived benefits and costs but is modified by various moderating variables ( Lankford, 1994). Those tested variables are classified as the intrinsic dimension which includes residents socio-cultural economic and demographic attributes , but the results are mixed.